Combined Effect of Water Reducer–Retarder and Variable Chloride-Based Accelerator Dosage on Rapid Repair Concrete Mixtures for Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 7
Abstract
On-site addition of accelerator to rapid repair concrete mixtures can result in accidental overdose. Since these mixtures are designed to contain large accelerator dosages, an overdose will produce concrete with extremely high accelerator amounts, well above those recommended by the manufacturer. This study investigated the effect of calcium chloride–based accelerator dosage on the stresses and cracking behavior of realistic concrete mixtures that contain multiple chemical admixtures. The findings indicate the effect of accelerator dosage on increasing the temperature gradient in concrete leading to higher tensile stress generation with upward or downward curling. The effect is exacerbated when there is a simultaneous coincidental occurrence in the maximum of cement paste heat flow and ambient temperatures. The apparent activation energy determined through the heat of hydration or strength measurements shows a drop when chemical retarders are added, whereas for accelerators the effect appears to be dosage dependent. The results of compressive, tensile strength and elastic modulus testing indicate a decrease in the mechanical properties of concrete at high accelerator dosages. Accelerator overdose affects hydration kinetics by limiting the degree of hydration at high temperatures while accelerating the reaction at earlier times or lower temperatures. Modeling indicated that the negative effects of accelerator overdose can be reduced by lowering the concrete placement temperature and placing concrete during evening hours.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Florida DOT and the Federal Highway Administration for providing funding for this work. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Florida DOT or the U.S. DOT.
References
Abdolhosseini Qomi, M. J., et al. (2014). “Combinatorial molecular optimization of cement hydrates.” Nat. Commun., 4960.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2010). “Early-age cracking: Causes, measurement, and mitigation.”, Farmington Hills, MI.
Aligizaki, K. K. (2006). Pore structure of cement-based materials: Testing, interpretation and requirements, Taylor & Francis, New York.
ASTM. (2008). “Standard test method for time of setting of concrete mixtures by penetration resistance.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test method for measurement of heat of hydration of hydraulic cementitious materials using isothermal conduction calorimetry.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2010). “Standard specification for air-entraining admixtures for concrete.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2011). “Standard practice for estimating concrete strength by the maturity method.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012a). “Standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the laboratory.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2012b). “Standard specification for chemical admixtures for concrete.”, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bauchy, M., Abdolhosseini Qomi, M. J., Bichara, C., Ulm, F. J., and Pellenq, R. J. M. (2014). “Nanoscale structure of cement: Viewpoint of rigidity theory.” J. Phys. Chem. C, 118(23), 12485–12493.
Bentz, D. P. (2008). “A review of early-age properties of cement-based materials.” Cem. Concr. Res., 38(2), 196–204.
Carino, N. J., and Lew, H. S. (2001). “The maturity method: From theory to application.” Proc., 2001 Structures Congress & Exposition, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1–19.
Carino, N. J., and Tank, R. C. (1992). “Maturity functions for concretes made with various cements and admixtures.” ACI Mater. J., 89(2), 188–196.
Chen, X., Wu, S., and Zhou, J. (2013). “Influence of porosity on compressive and tensile strength of cement mortar.” Constr. Build. Mater., 40, 869–874.
Cheung, J., Jeknavorian, A., Roberts, L., and Silva, D. (2011). “Impact of admixtures on the hydration kinetics of portland cement.” Cem. Concr. Res., 41(12), 1289–1309.
FHWA (Federal Highway Administration). (2014). “HIPERPAV software—Frequently asked questions.” 〈https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/hiperfaq.cfm〉 (Feb. 5, 2015).
Florida DOT. (2013). “Standard specifications for road and bridge construction.” Tallahassee, FL.
Hou, D., Zhao, T., Ma, H., and Li, Z. (2015). “Reactive molecular simulation on water confined in the nanopores of the calcium silicate hydrate gel: Structure, reactivity, and mechanical properties.” J. Phys. Chem. C, 119(3), 1346–1358.
Hua, C., Acker, P., and Ehrlacher, A. (1995). “Analyses and models of the autogenous shrinkage of hardening cement paste. I: Modelling at macroscopic scale.” Cem. Concr. Res., 25(7), 1457–1468.
Jeong, J., and Zollinger, D. G. (2005). “Environmental effects on the behavior of jointed plain concrete pavements.” J. Transp. Eng., 140–148.
Juenger, M. C. G., Monteiro, P. J. M., Gartner, E. M., and Denbeaux, G. P. (2005). “A soft x-ray microscope investigation into the effects of calcium chloride on tricalcium silicate hydration.” Cem. Concr. Res., 35(1), 19–25.
Lee, E. B., Lamour, V., Pae, J. H., and Harvey, J. (2003). “Analysis of sensitivity of plain jointed concrete pavement in California to early-age cracking using HIPERPAV.” Univ. of California Pavement Research Center, Davis, CA.
Makrides-Saravanos, E., and Rezansoff, T. (1985). “The effect of a chloride-based accelerating admixture on the tensile strength of concrete.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 12(3), 673–684.
McCarter, W., and Garvin, S. (1989). “Admixtures in cement: A study of dosage rates on early hydration.” Mater. Struct., 22(2), 112–120.
McCullough, B. F., and Rasmussen, R. O. (1998). “Fast track paving: Concrete temperature control and traffic opening criteria for bonded concrete overlays.”, Transtec, Austin, TX.
Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M. (2006). Concrete: Microstructure, properties and materials, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Mindess, S., Young, J. F., and Darwin, D. (2003). Concrete, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Montgomery, D. C. (2005). Design and analysis of experiments, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Neville, A. M. (2006). Properties of concrete, Pearson Education Limited, Harlow, U.K.
Odler, I., and Rößler, M. (1985). “Investigations on the relationship between porosity, structure and strength of hydrated portland cement pastes. II: Effect of pore structure and of degree of hydration.” Cem. Concr. Res., 15(3), 401–410.
Poole, J. J. L., Riding, K. A. K., Juenger, M. C. G., Folliard, K. J., and Schindler, A. K. (2011). “Effect of chemical admixtures on apparent activation energy of cementitious systems.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 1654–1661.
Poole, J. L. (2007). “Modeling temperature sensitivity and heat evolution of concrete.” Univ. of Texas, Austin.
Poole, J. L., and Riding, K. A. (2009). “Early age cracking: A case study in how materials modeling can improve concrete quality.” ACI Spec. Publ., 266, 57–72.
Poole, J. L., Riding, K. A., Folliard, K. J., Juenger, M. C. G., and Schindler, A. K. (2007). “Methods for calculating activation energy for portland cement.” ACI Mater. J., 104(1), 303–311.
Poole, J. L., Riding, K. A., Juenger, M. C. G., Folliard, K. J., and Schindler, A. K. (2010). “Effects of supplementary cementitious materials on apparent activation energy.” J. ASTM Int., 7(9), 1–16.
Price, W. (1951). “Factors influencing concrete strength.” ACI J. Proc., 47(2), 417–432.
Ramachandran, V., and Feldman, R. (1978). “Time-dependent and intrinsic characteristics of portland cement hydrated in the presence of calcium chloride.” Il Cemento, 75(3), 311–322.
Ramachandran, V. S. (1971). “Kinetics of hydration of tricalcium silicate in presence of calcium chloride by thermal methods.” Thermochim. Acta, 2(1), 41–55.
Rezansoff, T., and Corbett, J. R. (1989). “Influence of accelerating admixtures on strength development of concrete under wet and dry curing.” ACI Mater. J., 85(6), 519–528.
Riding, K., Poole, J., Schindler, A. K., Juenger, M. C. G., and Folliard, K. J. (2009). “Effects of construction time and coarse aggregate on bridge deck cracking.” ACI Mater. J., 106(5), 448–454.
Riding, K. A., Poole, J. L., Folliard, K. J., Juenger, M. C. G., and Schindler, A. K. (2011). “New model for estimating apparent activation energy of cementitious systems.” ACI Mater. J., 108(5), 550–557.
RILEM Technical Committee 119-TCE. (1998). “Adiabatic and semi-adiabatic calorimetry to determine the temperature increase in concrete due to hydration heat of the cement.” Materials and structures, R. Springenschmid, ed., E & FN Spon, London, 451–464.
Rixom, R., and Mailvaganam, N. (1999). Chemical admixtures for concrete, Routledge, New York.
Rößler, M., and Odler, I. (1985). “Investigations on the relationship between porosity, structure and strength of hydrated portland cement pastes. I: Effect of porosity.” Cem. Concr. Res., 15(2), 320–330.
Ruiz, J. M., Rasmussen, R. O., Chang, G., Dick, J., and Nelson, P. (2005). “Computer-based guidelines for concrete pavements, volume II: Design and construction guidelines and HIPERPAV II user’s manual.” Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA.
Schindler, A., and Folliard, K. (2005). “Heat of hydration models for cementitious materials.” ACI Mater. J., 102(1), 24–33.
Sereda, P. J., Feldman, R. R., and Ramachandran, V. S. (1980). “Influence of admixtures on the structure and strength development.” Proc., 7th Int. Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Vol. VI, Editions Septima, Paris, 32–44.
Transtec Group. (2009). “HIPERPAV III (version 3.20.0006) [software].” 〈www.hiperpav.com〉 (Mar. 2, 2015).
VanDam, T. J., Peterson, K. R., Sutter, L. L., Panguluri, A., and Sytsma, J. (2005). “Guidelines for early-opening-to-traffic portland cement concrete for pavement rehabilitation.”, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Xu, Q., Hu, J., Ruiz, J. M., Wang, K., and Ge, Z. (2010). “Isothermal calorimetry tests and modeling of cement hydration parameters.” Thermochim. Acta, 499(1–2), 91–99.
Young, J., Berger, R., and Lawrence, F. (1973). “Studies on the hydration of tricalcium silicate pastes III. Influence of admixtures on hydration and strength development.” Cem. Concr. Res., 3(6), 689–700.
Zayed, A., et al. (2015). “Long-life slab replacement concrete.” Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 7 • July 2016
Copyright
© 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 16, 2015
Accepted: Nov 20, 2015
Published online: Feb 4, 2016
Published in print: Jul 1, 2016
Discussion open until: Jul 4, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.