Sequential Cracking and Their Openings in Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Joint-Free Concrete Slabs
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28, Issue 4
Abstract
Numerical and empirical models addressing the drying shrinkage cracking behavior of joint-free steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) slabs are presented. Effect of water–cement ratio, admixtures, and free shrinkage are considered. Mechanical restrictions including base friction, fiber dosage, and interfacial bond properties restrain the growth of microcracks into main cracks and also reduce crack opening. A model based on a finite-difference equilibrium solution of a one-dimensional (1D) slab on frictional ground simulates the formation and subsequent opening of cracks in the slab. Results are compared with an empirical predictive tool for crack opening. A sensitivity study shows that correlation of predicted crack opening reduced by increasing fiber volume, base friction, and interfacial bond strength. Case studies are conducted on three slabs in service at different occasions and both models are used to predict the crack opening. While these models are developed based on different methodologies, they are related to a great extent by addressing the same mechanical characteristics. A simple method to estimate the slab curl is proposed and a parametric study has been conducted.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2014). “Building code requirements for structural concrete.” ACI 318-14, Farmington Hills, MI.
Alexandre, E., and Bouhon, B. (2010). “Jointless steel fiber-reinforced concrete slabs-on-grade and on piles.” ACI Spec. Publ., 268(8), 89–102.
Al-Saleh, S. A. (2014). “Comparison of theoretical and experimental shrinkage in concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 72, 326–332.
Bakhshi, M., and Mobasher, B. (2011). “Experimental observations of vacuum drying of early-age portland cement paste.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 33(4), 474–484.
Bakhshi, M., Mobasher, B., and Soranakom, C. (2012). “Moisture loss characteristics of cement-based materials under early-age drying and shrinkage conditions.” Constr. Build. Mater., 30, 413–425.
Banthia, N., and Gupta, R. (2009). “Plastic shrinkage cracking in cementitious repairs and overlays.” Mater. Struct., 42(5), 567–579.
Borosnyói, A., and Balázs, G. L. (2005). “Models for flexural cracking in concrete: The state of the art.” FIB J. Struct. Concr., 6(2), 52–62.
Brooks, J. (2015). “Shrinkage of concrete.” Concrete and masonry movements, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, U.K., 137–185.
Ceylan, H., et al. (2005). “Impact of curling, warping, and other early-age behavior on concrete pavement smoothness: Early, frequent, and detailed (EFD) study.” Iowa State Univ., National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Ames, IA.
Chia, W. S., McCullough, B. F., and Burns, N. H. (1986). “Field evaluation of subbase friction characteristics.” Center for Transportation Research, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
Cohen, M. D., Olek, J., and Dolch, W. L. (1990). “Mechanism of plastic cracking in portland cement and portland cement-silica fume paste and mortar.” Cem. Concr. Res., 20(1), 103–119.
Daiutolo, H. (2008). “Control of slab curling in rigid pavements at the FAA national airport pavement test facility.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Accelerated Pavement Testing, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 1–3.
Destrée, X. (1995). “Twincone SFRC structural concrete.” Proc., 2nd University-Industry Workshop, Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Modern Developments, N. Banthia and S. Mindess, eds., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, 77–86.
Friberg, B. F. (1954). “Frictional resistance under concrete pavements and restraint stresses in long reinforced slabs.” Proc., 33rd Annual Meeting of the Highway Research Board, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 167–184.
Georgiadi-Stefanidi, K., Mistakidis, E., Pantousa, D., and Zygomalas, M. (2010). “Numerical modelling of the pull-out of hooked steel fibres from high-strength cementitious matrix, supplemented by experimental results.” Constr. Build. Mater., 24(12), 2489–2506.
Gribniak, V., Kaklauskas, G., Kliukas, R., and Jakubovskis, R. (2013). “Shrinkage effect on short-term deformation behavior of reinforced concrete—When it should not be neglected.” Mater. Des., 51, 1060–1070.
Güneyisi, E., Gesog˘lu, M., Mohamadameen, A., Alzeebaree, R., Algın, Z., and Mermerdas, K. (2014). “Enhancement of shrinkage behavior of lightweight aggregate concretes by shrinkage reducing admixture and fiber reinforcement.” Constr. Build. Mater., 54, 91–98.
Guo, E., Dong, M., and Daiutolo, H. (2005). “Curling under different environmental variations as monitored in a single concrete slab.” Proc., 8th Int. Conf. on Concrete Pavements, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 14–18.
Heath, A., and Roesler, J. (1999). “Shrinkage and thermal cracking of fast setting hydraulic cement concrete pavements in Palmdale, California.” Pavement Research Center, Institute of Transportation Studies, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.
Hiller, J., and Roesler, J. (2010). “Simplified nonlinear temperature curling analysis for jointed concrete pavements.” J. Transp. Eng., 654–663.
Jafarifar, N., Pilakoutas, K., and Bennett, T. (2014). “Moisture transport and drying shrinkage properties of steel–fibre-reinforced-concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 73, 41–50.
Jeong, J., and Zollinger, D. (2005). “Environmental effects on the behavior of jointed plain concrete pavements.” J. Transp. Eng., 140–148.
Kwon, S. J., Na, U. J., Park, S. S., and Jung, S. H. (2009). “Service life prediction of concrete wharves with early-aged crack: Probabilistic approach for chloride diffusion.” Struct. Saf., 31(1), 75–83.
Lee, S. W. (2000). “Characteristics of friction between concrete slab and base.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 4(4), 265–275.
Lura, P., Pease, B., Mazzotta, G. B., Rajabipour, F., and Weiss, J. (2007). “Influence of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on development of plastic shrinkage cracks.” ACI Mater. J., 104(2), 187–194.
Maitra, S., Reddy, K., and Ramachandra, L. (2009). “Experimental evaluation of interface friction and study of its influence on concrete pavement response.” J. Transp. Eng., 563–571.
Malmberg, B., and Skarendahl, A. (1978). “Method of studying the cracking of fiber concrete under restrained shrinkage.” Testing and Test Methods of Fiber Cement Composites, RILEM Symp., Construction Press, Lancaster, Lancashire, U.K., 173–179.
Mangat, P. S., and Azari, M. M. (1988). “Shrinkage of steel fiber reinforced cement composites.” Mater. Struct., 21(3), 63–171.
Meininger, R. C. (1966). “Drying shrinkage of concrete.”, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring, MD, 22.
Mobasher, B., Bakhshi, M., and Barsby, C. (2014). “Backcalculation of residual tensile strength of regular and high performance fiber reinforced concrete from flexural tests.” Constr. Build. Mater., 70, 243–253.
Mora-Ruacho, J., Gettu, R., and Aguado, A. (2009). “Influence of shrinkage-reducing admixtures on the reduction of plastic shrinkage cracking in concrete.” Cem. Concr. Res., 39(3), 141–146.
Naaman, A., Namur, G., Alwan, J., and Najm, H. (1991a). “Fiber pullout and bond slip. I: Analytical study.” J. Struct. Eng., 2769–2790.
Naaman, A., Namur, G., Alwan, J., and Najm, H. (1991b). “Fiber pullout and bond slip. II: Experimental validation.” J. Struct. Eng., 2791–2800.
Rao, S., and Roesler, J. (2005). “Characterizing effective built-in curling from concrete pavement field measurements.” J. Transp. Eng., 320–327.
Rufino, D., and Roesler, J. (2006). “Effect of slab-base interaction on measured concrete pavement responses.” J. Transp. Eng., 425–434.
Shah, S. P., Weiss, W. J., and Yang, W. (1998). “Shrinkage cracking—Can it be prevented?” Concr. Int., 20(4), 51–55.
Silfwerbrand, J. (2004). “Design of steel fiber reinforced concrete slabs on grade for restrained shrinkage.” Proc., 6th RILEM Symp. on Fibre Reinforced Concrete, RILEM, Bagneux, France, 975–984.
Soranakom, C, and Mobasher, B. (2007). “Closed form solutions for flexural response of fiber reinforced concrete beams.” J. Eng. Mech., 933–941.
Soranakom, C, and Mobasher, B. (2010). “Modeling of tension stiffening in reinforced cement composites. I—Theoretical modeling.” Mater. Struct., 43(9), 1217–1230.
Sparkes, F. N. (1939). “Stresses in concrete road slabs.” Struct. Eng., 17(2), 98–116.
Stott, J. P. (1961). “Tests on materials for use in sliding layers under concrete road slabs.” Civ. Eng., 56(665), 1603–1605.
Sueki, S., Soranakom, C., Mobasher, B., and Peled, A. (2007). “Pullout-slip response of fabrics embedded in a cement paste matrix.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 718–727.
Suh, Y. C., Lee, S. W., and Kang, M. S. (2002). “Evaluation of sub-base friction for typical Korean concrete pavement.”, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 66–73.
Tuma, J. J. (1970). Engineering mathematics handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Venkatasubramanian, V. (1964). “Investigation on temperature and friction stresses in bonded cement concrete pavements.” Ph.D. dissertation, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
Voigt, T., Bui, V., and Shah, S. (2004). “Drying shrinkage of concrete reinforced with fibers and welded-wire fabric.” ACI Mater. J., 101(3), 233.
Yang, S., and Chen, J. (1988). “Bond slip and crack width calculations of tension members.” ACI Struct. J., 86(4), 414–422.
Yoo, D. Y., Min, K. H., Lee, J. H., and Yoon, Y. S. (2014). “Shrinkage and cracking of restrained ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete slabs at early age.” Constr. Build. Mater., 73, 357–365.
Yoon, I. S., Schlangen, E., de Rooij, M. R., and van Breugel, K. (2007). “The effect of cracks on chloride penetration into concrete.” Key Eng. Mater., 348, 769–772.
Ytterberg, R. F. (1987). “Shrinkage and curling of slabs on grade. I—Drying shrinkage.” Concr. Int., 9(4), 22–31.
Zhang, J., Hou, D., and Gao, Y. (2013a). “Calculation of shrinkage stress in early-age concrete pavements. I: Calculation of shrinkage strain.” J. Transp. Eng., 961–970.
Zhang, J., Hou, D., and Gao, Y. (2013b). “Calculation of shrinkage stress in early-age concrete pavements. II: Calculation of shrinkage stress.” J. Transp. Eng., 971–980.
Zhang, W., Zakariaa, M., and Hama, Y. (2013c). “Influence of aggregate materials characteristics on the drying shrinkage properties of mortar and concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater., 49, 500–510.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 28 • Issue 4 • April 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 18, 2014
Accepted: May 15, 2015
Published online: Sep 29, 2015
Discussion open until: Feb 29, 2016
Published in print: Apr 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.