Stripping Potential of HMA and SMA: A Study Using Statistical Approach
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 11
Abstract
This study was carried out to compare the moisture resistance of two types of mixtures [i.e., hot mix asphalt (HMA) and stone matrix asphalt (SMA)]. To achieve this purpose, three dense and three gap-graded aggregates were selected and tested according to a modified Lottman test procedure. The results were analyzed using a statistical methodology called response surface methodology (RSM). A mathematical model correlating stripping potential of mix with bitumen content and grading was developed based on statistical concepts that can be utilized for prediction purposes. The statistical analysis showed that except for the quadratic term of bitumen content in the case of indirect tensile strength (ITS) in saturated gap-graded mixtures, the linear, quadratic, and interactive terms of these factors were statistically significant in ITS of dry and saturated samples and the tensile strength ratio (TSR). Second-order polynomial models were also successfully fitted to the experimental data. The results indicated that SMA mixtures exhibit better moisture resistance than HMA mixtures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2002). “Coating and stripping of bitumen-aggregate mixtures.” T182, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2004a). “Specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate.” T84, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2004b). “Standard method of test for specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate.” T85, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2007). “Standard method of test for resistance of compacted hot mix asphalt (HMA) to moisture-induced damage.” T283, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2008a). “Plastic fines in graded aggregates and soils by use of the sand equivalent test.” T176, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2008b). “Standard specification for stone matrix asphalt (SMA).” M325–08, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2010). “Resistance to degradation of small-size coarse aggregate by abrasion and impact in the Los Angeles machine.” T96, Washington, DC.
Al-Qadi, I., et al. (2014). “Effect of various asphalt binder additives/modifiers on moisture-susceptible asphaltic mixtures.”, Illinois Center for Transportation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL.
Ameri, M., Kouchaki, S., and Roshani, H. (2013). “Laboratory evaluation of the effect of nano-organosilane anti-stripping additive on the moisture susceptibility of HMA mixtures under freeze–thaw cycles.” Constr. Build. Mater., 48, 1009–1016.
ASTM. (1997). “Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials.” D5, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2001). “Standard specification for hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous paving mixtures.” D3515–01, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2005). “Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by water pycnometer.” D854, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2006). “Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus).” D36, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2007). “Standard test method for ductility of bituminous materials.” D113, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2009). “Standard test method for density of semi-solid bituminous materials (Pycnometer method).” D70, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013a). “Standard test method for determining the percentage of fractured particles in coarse aggregate.” D5821, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM. (2013b). “Standard test method for flash and fire points by cleveland open cup tester.” D92-12b, West Conshohocken, PA.
Behiry, A. E. A. E. M. (2013). “Laboratory evaluation of resistance to moisture damage in asphalt mixtures.” Ain Shams Eng. J., 4(3), 351–363.
BSI. (1995). “Testing aggregates. Methods for determination of density.” BS 812-2, London.
Chiu, C.-T., and Lu, L.-C. (2007). “A laboratory study on stone matrix asphalt using ground tire rubber.” Constr. Build. Mater., 21(5), 1027–1033.
Cooley, A., and Brown, R. (2003). “Potential of using stone matrix asphalt (SMA) for thin overlay.”, National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT), Auburn, AL.
Gandhi, T. S., Copeland, K., Putman, B., and Amirkhanian, S. N. (2007). “Laboratory evaluations of long-term effectiveness of liquid anti-stripping agents.” Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Haghshenas, H. F., Khodaii, A., Khedmati, M., and Tapkin, S. (2015a). “A mathematical model for predicting stripping potential of hot mix asphalt.” J. Constr. Build. Mater., 75, 488–495.
Haghshenas, H. F., Khodaii, A., and Saleh, M. (2015b). “Long term effectiveness of anti-stripping agents.” J. Constr. Build. Mater., 76, 307–312.
Hunter, E., and Ksaibati, K. (2002). “Evaluating moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixes.” Dept. of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Kavussi, A., Qorbani, M., Khodaii, A., and Haghshenas, H. F. (2014). “Moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt: A statistical analysis of the laboratory testing results.” J. Constr. Build. Mater., 52, 511–517.
Khodaii, A., Haghshenas, H. F., and Kazemi, T. H. (2012a). “Effect of grading and lime content on HMA stripping using statistical methodology.” J. Constr. Build. Mater., 34, 131–135.
Khodaii, A., Haghshenas, H. F., and Kazemi, T. H. (2012b). “Hydrated lime effect on moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt.” J. Constr. Build. Mater., 36, 165–170.
Khodaii, A., Haghshenas, H. F., Kazemi, T. H., and Khedmati, M. (2013). “Application of response surface methodology to evaluate stone matrix asphalt stripping potential.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 17(1), 117–121.
Little, N. D., and Epps, J. A. (2001). “The benefits of hydrated lime in HMA.” National Lime Association (LIME), Arlington, VA.
MINITAB 15.1.30.0 [Computer software]. Coventry, U.K., Minitab.
Moghadas Nejad, F., Aflaki, E., and Mohammadi, M. A. (2010). “Fatigue behavior of SMA and HMA mixtures.” J. Constr. Build. Mater., 24(7), 1158–1165.
Montgomery, D. C. (2006). Design and analysis of experiments, 6th Ed., Wiley, New York.
Wang, Y., and Wang, G. (2011). “Improvement of porous pavement.” 〈http://www.usgbc.org/Docs/Archive/General/Docs9915.pdf〉 (May 2014).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 5, 2014
Accepted: Dec 29, 2014
Published online: Feb 9, 2015
Discussion open until: Jul 9, 2015
Published in print: Nov 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.