Mechanical-Cement Stabilization of Laterite for Use as Flexible Pavement Material
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 23, Issue 2
Abstract
An attempt was made to improve the physical and strength properties of a reddish-brown lateritic soil. 15–60% of sand by dry weight of laterite was used as a modifier in the stabilization of the laterite with 3–12% by dry weight of cement. Classification, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), and unconfined compressive strength tests were carried out on the specimens. The plasticity index decreased from 17% for untreated laterite to 2.5% when treated with a combination of . For the two energy levels of compaction, optimum moisture content (OMC) was found to increase with an increase in cement content but decreased as the sand content increased. The OMC at the West African standard (WAS) energy level was consistently lower than the values obtained at the standard proctor (SP) energy level, while the corresponding values of maximum dry density were higher at the WAS energy level than the values at the SP energy level. The CBR requirements for base course material were met when laterite was admixed with and , and , , and at the SP and WAS energy levels, respectively. It can be concluded that sand enhanced the effective stabilization of Ikpayongo laterite with cement within the maximum cement content specified by the Nigerian code.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (1986). Standard for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing, 14th Ed., AASHTO, Washington, D.C.
Akoto, B. K. A. (1987). “Laboratory investigation on the use of pulverized fuel ash in road construction.” Proc., 9th Regional Conf. for Africa on SM and FE, Lagos, Nigeria, Vol. 1, 529–534.
Alexander, L. T., and Cady, J. S. (1962). “Genesis and hardening of laterite soils.” Technical Bulletin 1281, USDA, Washington, D.C., 1–10.
Ashworth, R. (1966). Highway engineering, Heinemann Education Book Ltd., London.
ASTM. (1992). “Annual book of ASTM standards,” West Conshohocken, Pa., 634.
Autret, P. (1983). Laterites et Graveleux Lataritiques, Laboratoire Central de ponts et chausses, Paris.
Balogun, L. A. (1991). “Effect of sand and salt additives on some geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized black cotton soil.” The Nigerian Engineer, 26(4), 15–24.
Basha, A. E., Hashim, R., and Muntohar, S. A. (2003). “Effect of cement–rice husk ash on the plasticity and compaction of soil.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng., 8, 0304.
Bawden, M. G., and Jones, J. A. (1972). “The physiography of the Benue Valley.” Interim Rep. of the Land Resources of Central Nigeria, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Surrey, England.
Bowles, J. E. (1992). Physical and geotechnical properties of soils, McGraw-Hill, New York.
British Standards Institute (BSI). (1990a). “Methods of test for stabilized soils.” BS 1924, London.
British Standards Institute (BSI). (1990b). “Methods of testing soils for civil engineering purposes.” BS 1377, London.
Gidigasu, M. D. (1976). Laterite soil engineering, Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam.
Gidigasu, M. D., and Kuma, D. D. K. (1987). “Engineering significance of laterization and profile development processes.” Proc., 9th Regional Conf. for Africa on SM and FE, Lagos, Nigeria, Vol. 1, 2–20.
IFG. (2007). “International focus groups on rural road engineering.” “Laterite” technical information, ⟨www.ifgworld.Org/subsites⟩ (Apr. 4, 2007), 1–10.
International Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE). (1985). “Peculiarities of geotechnical behaviour of tropical lateritic and saprolitic soils.” ISSMFE Progress Rep., Committee on Tropical Soils of the ISSMFE, Brazil Society of Soil Mechanics.
Joel, M. (2006). “Response of Igumale shale to chemical stabilization for road work.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
Makasa, B. (2007). Utilisation and improvement of lateritic gravels in road bases, Int. Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Science (ITC) Section Engineering Geology, Delft, The Netherlands.
Millard, R. S. (1993). “Cement and lime stabilization. Road building in the tropics.” Trans Res. Lab, State of the Art Review, 9, 183–185.
Moh, Z. C., and Mazher, M. F. (1969). “Effects of method of preparation on index properties of lateritic soils.” Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico, Vol. 1, 23–35.
Muntohar, S. A., and Hantoro, G. (2000). “Influence of rice husk ash and lime on engineering properties of a clayey subgrade.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng., 5, 019.
Nigerian General Specification. (1997). Nigerian general specification for roads and bridge works, Vol. 2, Federal Ministry of Works and Housing, Abuja, Nigeria.
Ola, S. A. (1974). “Need for estimated cement requirements for stabilization of laterite soils.” Journal Transportation Engineering Division, ASCE, 100(2), 379–388.
Ola, S. A. (1983). Geotechnical properties and behaviour of some Nigerian lateritic soils in tropical soils of Nigeria in engineering practice, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 61–84.
Osinubi, K. J. (2001). “Influence of compact on energy levels and delays on cement treated soil.” NSE Technical Transactions, 36(4), 1–13.
Osinubi, K. J., and Katte, V. Y. (1999). “Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristics II. Soil-cement mixes.” NSE Technical Transactions, 34(3), 38–46.
Osula, D. O. A. (1989). “Evaluation of admixture stabilization for problem laterite.” J. Transp. Eng., 115(6), 674–687.
Osula, D. O. A. (1996). “A comparative evaluation of cement and lime modification of laterite.” Eng. Geol. (Amsterdam), 42, 71–81.
Schaefer, V. R., Abramson, L. W., Drumheller, J. C., and Sharp, K. D. (1997). “Ground improvement, ground reinforcement and ground treatment developments 1987-97.” Geotechnical Special Publication 69, ASCE, Reston, Va.
Stavridakis, J. E. (2005). “A critical bound meeting the physical and engineering requirements for best cement stabilization effect on clay sand mixtures.” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng., 10, 0560.
Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL). (1977). “A guide to the structural design of bitumen-surfaced roads in tropical and subtropical countries.” Road Note 31, HMSO, London.
Transport Research Laboratory (TRL). (1993). “A guide to the structural design of bitumen-surfaced roads in tropical and subtropical countries.” Overseas Road Note 31, Crowthorne, Berkshire, U.K.
Yoder, E. J., and Witczak, M. W. (1975). Principles of Pavement Design, Wiley, New York.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2011 ASCE.
History
Received: Oct 6, 2008
Accepted: Jun 25, 2010
Published online: Jul 5, 2010
Published in print: Feb 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.