Strength of Sawn Lumber and Wood Composite Dowel Connections Loaded Perpendicular to Grain. I: NDS Design Equations
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 22, Issue 12
Abstract
Connections are important design elements in timber engineering. Connections loaded perpendicular to grain for structural composite lumber (SCL) materials have received little attention. Connection strength can be determined as the minimum of the Technical Report 12 (TR-12) equations, a generalized form of the National Design Specification (NDS) connection equations, or a shear stress check for reduced beam section. This paper presents test results and compares the 5% offset yield and capacity of double-shear single bolt connections with steel side plates loaded perpendicular to grain to TR-12 equations for solid-sawn lumber and two SCL products. Testing considered three different span/depth ratios and three different loaded edge distances. Splitting failures were observed at the 4D loaded edge distance and mixed mode failures contained splitting at the 7D and 10D loaded edges. The allowable shear stress values dominated the connection at the 4D loaded edge distance and were conservative in some cases. Comparing the TR-12 equations to experimental connection strength, there was little difference for the span/depth ratios and main member materials. Different loaded edge distances demonstrated significant differences between the TR-12 equations and experimental values. The choice of displacement limit for the capacity dowel bearing strength was identified as an important factor in the TR-12 equations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Albright, D. G. (2006). “The effects of bolt spacing on the performance of single-shear timber connections under reverse-cyclic loading.” M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA). (1997). National design specification for wood construction, Washington, D.C.
American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA). (1999). “General dowel equations for calculating lateral connection values.” Technical Rep. 12, Washington, D.C.
American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA). (2005). National design specification for wood construction, Washington, D.C.
ASTM. (2005a). “Standard test methods for bolted connections in wood and wood-based products.” D5652-95, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (2005b). “Standard test methods for direct moisture content measurement of wood and wood-base materials.” D4442-92, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (2005c). “Standard test method for evaluating dowel bearing strength of wood and wood-based products.” D5764-97a, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (2005d). “Standard test methods for specific gravity of wood and wood-based materials.” D2395-02, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Ballerini, M. (1999). “A new set of experimental tests on beams loaded perpendicular to grain by dowel type joints.” Proc., CIB-W18 Meeting 32, Paper 32-7-2.
Bickford, J. H., and Nassar, S. (1998). Handbook of bolts and bolted joints, CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.
Billings, M. A. (2004). “Investigation of the effects of spacing between bolts in a row in a single-shear timber connection subjected to reverse cyclic loading.” M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
Bowyer, J. L., Shmulsky, R., and Haygreen, J. G. (2003). Forest products and wood science: An introduction, 4th Ed., Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa.
Carstens, S. J. (1998). “Bolt bearing behavior of engineered wood composites from yellow poplar lumber.” M.S. thesis, Washington State Univ., Pullman, Wash.
Finkenbinder, D. E. (2007). “An experimental investigation of structural composite lumber loaded by a dowel in perpendicular to grain orientation at yield and capacity.” M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
Harrison, S. K., and Hindman, D. P. (2007). “Test method comparison of shear modulus evaluation of MSR and SCL products.” For. Prod. J., 57(7/8), 32–38.
Johnson, E., and Woeste, F. (2000). “Connection design methodology for structural composite lumber.” Research Rep., Dept. of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
Reshke, R. G. (1999). “Bolted timber connections loaded perpendicular-to-grain.” Ph.D. dissertation, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ont., Canada.
Smart, J. V. (2002). “Capacity resistance and performance of single-shear bolted and nailed connections: An experimental investigation.” M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg, Va.
Smith, I., and Foliente, G. (2002). “Load and resistance factor design of timber joints: International practice and future direction.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(1), 48–59.
Smulski, S. (1997). Engineered wood products, a guide for specifiers, designers, and users, PFS Research Foundation, Madison, Wis.
Snow, M., Asiz, A., and Smith, I. (2004). “Failure behaviour of single dowel connections in engineered wood products.” Proc., 5th Structural Specialty Conf. of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.
Wilkinson, T. L. (1991). “Dowel bearing strength.” Research Paper FPL-RP-505, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 22 • Issue 12 • December 2010
Pages: 1217 - 1225
Copyright
© 2010 ASCE.
History
Received: Dec 12, 2009
Accepted: May 6, 2010
Published online: May 12, 2010
Published in print: Dec 2010
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.