Reclamation of Sedimented Ash Deposit by Chemical Columns
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 25, Issue 4
Abstract
This research focuses on the potentiality of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) columns in augmenting the geoengineering and geoenvironmental properties of sedimented ash beds. Model ash beds were prepared and stabilized with NaOH and Ca(OH)2 of 9 M concentration. The bearing resistance, collapse potential, hydraulic conductivity, pore characteristics, concentration of elements, and pH of the pore fluid were measured. The strength contours formed around chemical columns were found to be bell-shaped. The magnitude of strength development in the Ca(OH)2 column was relatively insignificant and limited to the peripheral region of the column, whereas it spread to a greater extent in a NaOH-treated ash bed. Calcium-based hydration compounds were found in a Ca(OH)2 column-treated ash bed whereas an ash bed column treated with NaOH displayed both geopolymeric as well as calcium-based hydration compounds. The encapsulation of leached elements in the reaction matrix reduced their concentrations in leachate. The concentration of elements in leachate was identified to be influenced by the pH value and stabilization period. Both the chemical columns were found to be effective. However, the NaOH column showed a significant improvement in bearing resistance and in situ dry unit weight along with reducing the hydraulic conductivity, collapsibility, and migration of leachable elements.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research work was conducted at Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, an autonomous institution funded by Ministry of Human Resources Department (MHRD), Government of India. The authors appreciate and acknowledge the support extended by National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India. However, no special funding is received for this work and the authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
Ambily, A. P., and S. R. Gandhi. 2007. “Behavior of stone columns based on experimental and FEM analysis.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (4): 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:4(405).
ASTM. 2003. Standard test method for measurement of collapse potential soils. ASTM D5333-03. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2009. Standard test method for sequential batch extraction of waste with water. ASTM D4793-09. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2010. Standard test method for moisture content penetration resistance relationships of fine-grained soils. ASTM D1558-10. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM C618-15. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barker, J. E., C. D. F. Rogers, and D. I. Boardman. 2007. “Ion migration associated with lime piles: A review.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv. 11 (2): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2007.11.2.87.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). 1975. Test for laboratory determination of dry density of soils in-place by the core-cutter method. IS 2720-29. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). 1986. Test for laboratory determination of permeability of soils. IS 2720-17. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). 1987. Test for determination of pH value of soils. IS 2720-26. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). 2012. Indian standard for drinking water specification. IS 10500-12. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Chand, S. K., and C. Subbarao. 2007. “In-place stabilization of pond ash deposits by hydrated lime columns.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (12): 1609–1616. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:12(1609).
Choobbasti, A. J., and H. Pichka. 2014. “Improvement of soft clay using installation of geosynthetic-encased stone columns: Numerical study.” Arab. J. Geosci. 7 (2): 597–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0735-y.
Clemence, S. P., and A. O. Finbarr. 1981. “Design consideration for collapsible soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 107 (3): 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0001102.
Cook, R. A., and K. C. Hover. 1991. “Experiments on the contact angle between mercury and hardened cement paste.” Cem. Concr. Res. 21 (6): 1165–1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(91)90077-U.
Diamond, S. 1971. “A critical comparison of mercury porosimetry and capillary condensation pore size distributions of portland cement pastes.” Cem. Concr. Res. 1 (5): 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(71)90058-5.
Fernández-Jiménez, A., and A. Palomo. 2005. “Mid-infrared spectroscopic studies of alkali-activated fly ash structure.” Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 86 (1–3): 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.05.057.
Fleming, L. N., N. A. Harrison, and H. I. Inyang. 1996. “Leachant pH effects on the leachability of metals from fly ash.” J. Soil Contam. 5 (1): 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320389609383512.
Gandhi, S. R., A. K. Dey, and S. Selvam. 1999. “Densification of pond ash by blasting.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 125 (10): 889–899. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:10(889).
Ghosh, A., and C. Subbarao. 1998. “Hydraulic conductivity and leachate characteristics of stabilized fly ash.” J. Environ. Eng. 124 (9): 812–820. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1998)124:9(812).
Indraratana, B., P. Nutalaya, K. S. Koo, and N. Kuganenthira. 1991. “Engineering behaviour of a low carbon, pozzolanic fly ash and its potential as construction fill.” Can. Geotech. J. 28 (4): 524–555. https://doi.org/10.1139/t91-070.
Joshi, R. C., H. M. McMaster, and D. M. Duncan. 1975. “New and conventional engineering uses of fly ash.” Transp. Eng. J. ASCE 101 (4): 791–806. https://doi.org/10.1061/TPEJAN.0000540.
Lu, S. G., Y. Y. Chen, H. D. Shan, and S. Q. Bai. 2009. “Mineralogy and heavy metal leachability of magnetic fractions separated from some Chinese coal fly ashes.” J. Hazard. Mater. 169 (1–3): 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.078.
Ma, Y., J. Hu, and G. Ye. 2013. “The pore structure and permeability of alkali activated fly ash.” Fuel 104 (2): 771–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.05.034.
Palomo, A., S. Alonso, A. Fernandez-Jiménez, I. Sobrados, and J. Sanz. 2004. “Alkaline activation of fly ashes: NMR study of the reaction products.” J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 87 (6): 1141–1145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01141.x.
Pani, A., and S. P. Singh. 2018. “Effect of temperature on the strength of lime-stabilised fly ash.” Environ. Geotech. 7 (3): 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1680/jenge.17.00050.
Pani, A., and S. P. Singh. 2019a. “Leaching of major and trace elements from ash beds treated with chemical columns.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 23 (2): 04019003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000438.
Pani, A., and S. P. Singh. 2019b. “In-situ stabilization of sedimented ash deposit by partial penetrating chemical columns.” J. Environ. Manage. 231 (2): 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.013.
Pani, A., and S. P. Singh. 2020. “Strength and compressibility of sedimented ash beds treated with chemical columns.” Soils Found. 60 (3): 573–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2019.09.007.
Phair, J. W., and J. S. J. Van Deventer. 2001. “Effect of silicate activator pH on the leaching and material characteristics of waste-based inorganic polymers.” Miner. Eng. 14 (3): 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(01)00002-4.
Poorooshasb, H. B., and G. G. Meyerhof. 1997. “Analysis of behavior of stone columns and lime columns.” Comput. Geotech. 20 (1): 47–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(96)00013-4.
Quina, M. J., J. C. M. Bordado, and R. M. Quinta-Ferreira. 2009. “The influence of pH on the leaching behaviour of inorganic components from municipal solid waste APC residues.” Waste Manage. (Oxford) 29 (9): 2483–2493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.012.
Rao, G. V., and G. K. Pothal. 2009. “Improvement of pond ash with prefabricated vertical drain.” In Proc., Indian Geotechnical Conf., 852–856. Guntur, India: Indian Geotechnical Society.
Rogers, C. D. F., and S. Glendinning. 1997. “Improvement of clay soils in situ using lime piles in the UK.” Eng. Geol. 47 (3): 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(97)00022-7.
Sanusi, O., B. Tempest, V. O. Ogunro, and J. Gergely. 2016. “Leaching characteristics of geopolymer cement concrete containing recycled concrete aggregates.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste 20 (3): 04016002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000312.
Scheetz, B. E., and W. B. White. 1985. “Characterization of crystalline phases in fly ash by microfocus Raman spectroscopy.” MRS Proc. 43: 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-43-53.
Sekhar Madhyanappu, R., M. R. Madhav, A. J. Puppala, and A. Ghosh. 2008. “Compressibility and collapsibility characteristics of sedimented fly ash beds.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 20 (6): 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:6(401).
Singh, S. P., N. Roy, and S. Sangita. 2017. “Strength and hydraulic conductivity of sedimented ash deposits treated with lime column.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 11 (3): 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1208415.
Singh, S. P., and S. Sangita. 2016. “Mitigation of leaching of major and trace elements from pond ash deposits by lime column treatment.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 34 (6): 2019–2031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-0080-0.
Sridharan, A., N. S. Pandian, and C. Rajasekhar. 1996. “Geotechnical characterization of pond ash.” In Proc., Conf. on Ash Ponds and Ash Disposal Systems, 97–110. New Delhi, India: Indian Institute of Technology.
Sushil, S., and V. S. Batra. 2006. “Analysis of fly ash heavy metal content and disposal in three thermal power plants in India.” Fuel 85 (17–18): 2676–2679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.031.
Thyagaraj, T., P. Bhavani, A. P. Das, and M. Julina. 2016. “Collapse behaviour of compacted coal ashes.” Int. J. Geosynth. Ground Eng. 2 (1): 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-016-0046-6.
Xu, A., and S. L. Sarkar. 1994. “Microstructural development in high-volume fly-ash cement system.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 6 (1): 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1994)6:1(117).
Zhang, Z., J. L. Provis, H. Wang, F. Bullen, and A. Reid. 2013. “Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 2. Thermodynamics of sodium silicate activation of metakaolin.” Thermochim. Acta 565 (8): 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.01.040.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 25 • Issue 4 • October 2021
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 23, 2021
Accepted: Jun 30, 2021
Published online: Aug 9, 2021
Published in print: Oct 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Jan 9, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Divyendu Tushar, Disha Das, Aparupa Pani, Pratyasha Singh, Geo-Engineering and Microstructural Properties of Geopolymer Concrete and Motar: A Review, Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 10.1007/s40996-021-00756-y, 46, 4, (2713-2737), (2021).