Cesium Immobilization in Soil by Ball-Milling Treatment with Nanometallic Additive
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 17, Issue 1
Abstract
This work assessed ball-milling treatment for remediation of cesium (Cs)-contaminated soil. The immobilization efficiency increases from 56.4% in the absence of treatment to 89.9, 91.5, 97.7, and 96.4% when the soil is ball milled for 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively. However, the addition of nanometallic and increased the immobilization efficiency to approximately 96.4% compared with ball milling alone, even when the milling time was decreased to 60 min. Actually, with the addition of and , the leachable fraction of Cs was reduced in the soil after a short milling time. These promising results suggest that ball milling can be regarded as applicable for the remediation of cesium-contaminated soil in dry and water-free conditions. This treatment method requires no expensive reagent and does not generate exhaust gases. It requires only electricity with cheap and commercially available reagents. This treatment process is an environmentally friendly depollution technique.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) Program, Japan (Project ID: 09B35003a), for providing financial support to conduct this study.
References
Birke, V. (2002). “Reductive dehalogenation of recalcitrant polyhalogenated pollutants using ball milling.” Remediation of chlorinated and recalcitrant compounds–2002, Gavaskar, R., and Chen, A. S. C., eds., Monterey, CA.
Burns, R. H. (1971). “Solidification of low and intermediate level waste.” At. Energy Rev., 9, 547–552.
Caschili, S., Delogu, F., Concas, A., Pisu, M., and Cao, G. (2006). “Mechanically induced self-propagating reactions: Analysis of reactive substrates and degradation of aromatic sulfonic pollutants.” Chemosphere, 63(6), 987–995.
Concas, A., Lai, N., Pisu, M., and Cao, G. (2006). “Modeling of combination processes in Spex mixer/mill.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 61(11), 3746–3760.
Flury, M., Czigny, S., Chen, G., and Harsch, J. B. (2004). “Cesium migration in saturated silica sand and Hanford sediments as impacted by ionic strength.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 71(1–4), 111–126.
Ganjidoust, H., Hassan, A., and Ashkiki, A. R. (2009). “Cement base solidification/stabilization of heavy metal contaminated soil with objective of achieving high compressive strength of the final matrix.” Trans. A: Civil Eng., 16(2), 107–115.
Japanese Standards Association (JSA). (1998). “Methods for chemical analysis of high-alumina raw material for ceramics.” JIS M 8856-1998, Japanese Industrial Standard Committee, Tokyo.
Japanese Standards Association (JSA). (1999). “Test Method for water content of soil.” JIS A 1203-1999, Japanese Industrial Standard Committee, Tokyo.
Krivenko, P. V., Skurchinskaya, J. V., Lavrinenko, L. V., Dhir, R. K., and Jones, M. R. (1993). “Environmentally safe immobilization of alkali metal radioactive waste.” Concrete 2000, E&FN Spon, London, 1579–1589.
Lu, L., Lai, M. O., and Zhang, S. (1997). “Diffusion in mechanical alloying.” J. Mater. Process. Tech., 67(1–3), 100–104.
Ministry of Environment. (2003). “Matters providing for measurement method of soil elution test.”, Government of Japan, Tokyo.
Mitoma, Y., Miyata, H., Egashira, N., Simion, A., Kakeda, M., and Simion, C. (2011). “Mechanochemical degradation of chlorinated contaminants in fly ash with a calcium-based degradation reagent.” Chemosphere, 83(10), 1326–1330.
Monagheddu, M., Mulas, G., Doppiu, S., Cocco, G., and Raccanelli, S. (1999). “Reduction of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in contaminated muds by mechanically induced combustion reactions.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 33(14), 2485–2488.
Montinaro, S., Concas, A., Pisu, M., and Cao, G. (2007). “Remediation of heavy metals contaminated soil by ball milling.” Chemosphere, 67(4), 631–639.
Mulas, G., Loiselle, S., Schiffini, L., and Cocco, G. (1997). “The Mechano-chemical self-propagating reactions between hexachlorobenzene and calcium hydride.” J. Solid State Chem., 129(2), 263–270.
Nabyvanets, B. Y., Gesell, T. F., Jen, M. H., and Chang, W. P.(2001). “Distribution of in soil along Ta-han river valley in Tau-Yuan County in Taiwan.” J. Environ. Radioact., 54(3), 391–400.
Nakayama, S., and Itoh, K. (2003). “Immobilization of cesium to HZr2(PO4)3 using an autoclave.” J. Nucl. Sci. Technol., 40(8), 631–633.
Osmanlioglu, A. E. (2002). “Immobilization of radioactive waste by cementation with purified kaolina clay.” Waste Manage., 22(5), 481–483.
Patel, P. (2011). “Post-Fukushima radiation mapped: Cesium in soil a problem for agriculture.” IEEE Spectrum, 1–2. 〈http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/environment/postfukushima-radiation-mapped/1〉 (Jan. 22, 2012).
Plecas, I., Dimovic, S., and Smiciklas, I. (2006). “Utilization of bentonite and zeolite in cementation of dry radioactive evaporator concentrate.” Prog. Nucl. Energy, 48(6), 495–503.
Plecas, I. B., Pavlovic, R. S., and Pavlovic, S. D. (2003). “Leaching of and from spent ion exchange resins in cement–bentonite clay matrix.” Bull. Mater. Sci., 26(7), 699–701.
Poinssot, C., Baeyens, B., and Bradbury, M. H. (1999). “Experimental and modeling studies of cesium sorption on illite.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63(19–20), 3217–3227.
Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Sirini, P., and Testa, F. (2001). “Properties of Portland cement-stabilized MSWI fly ashes.” J. Hazard. Mater., 88(1), 123–138.
Saeki, S., Kano, J., Saito, F., Shimme, K., Masuda, S., and Inoue, T. (2001). “Effect of additives on dechlorination of PVC by mechanochemical treatment.” J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 3(1), 20–23.
Sakr, K., Sayed, M. S., and Hafez, M. B. (2003). “Immobilization of radioactive waste in mixture of cement, clay and polymer.” J. Radio. Nucl. Chem., 256(2), 179–184.
Schaffer, G. B., and McCormick, P. G. (1992). “On the kinetics of mechanical alloying.” Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 23(4), 1285–1290.
Shen, X., Yan, S., Wu, X., Tang, M., and Yang, L. (1994). “Immobilization of simulated high level wastes into AASC waste form.” Cem. Concr. Res., 24(1), 133–138.
Shi, C., and Day, R. L. (1996). “Alkali-slag cements for the solidification of radioactive wastes.” ASTM STP 1240, stabilization and solidification of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes, Vol. 3, Gilliam, T. M., and Wiles, C. C., eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 163–173.
Shi, C., Day, R. L., Wu, X., and Tang, M. (1992). “Uptake of metal ions by autoclaved cement pastes.” Proc., Materials Research Society, Vol. 245, Materials Research Society, Boston, 141–149.
Skripkiunas, G., Sasnauskas, V., Dauksys, M., and Dauksys, D. (2007). “Peculiarities of hydration of cement paste with addition of hydrosodalite.” Mater. Sci., 25(3), 627–635.
Staunton, S., and Roubaud, M. (1997). “Adsorption of on montmorillonite and illite: Effect of charge compensating cation, ionic strength, concentration of Cs, K and fulvic acid.” Clay Clay Miner., 45(2), 251–260.
Strkalj, A., Malina, J., and Radenoic, A. (2009). “Waste mould sand potential low-cost sorbent for nickel and chromium ions from aqueous solution.” Mater. Environ., 56(2), 118–125.
Suryanarayana, C. (1995). Bibliography on mechanical alloying and milling, Cambridge Int. Science, Cambridge, UK.
Suryanarayana, C. (2001). “Mechanical alloying and milling.” Prog. Mater. Sci., 46(1–2), 1–184.
Wu, X., Yen, S., Xiaodong, S., and Mingshu, T. (1991). “Alkali-activated cement based radioactive waste forms.” Cem. Concr. Res., 21(1), 16–20.
Yasunari, T. J., Stohl, A., Hayano, R. S., Burkhart, J. F., Eckhardt, S., and Yasunari, T. (2011). “ deposition and contamination of Japanese soil due to the Fukushima nuclear accident.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108(49), 19530–19534.
Zachara, J. M., Smith, S. C., Liu, C., McKinley, J. P., Serne, R. J., and Gassman, P. L. (2002). “Sorption of to micaceous sub surfaces sediments from Hanford site USA.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66(2), 193–211.
Zhang, Q., Matsumoto, H., Saito, F., and Baron, M. (2002). “Debromination of hexabromobenzene by its co-grinding with CaO.” Chemosphere, 48(8), 787–793.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 27, 2012
Accepted: Jul 16, 2012
Published online: Dec 16, 2012
Published in print: Jan 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.