Persulfate Treatment of Dissolved Gasoline Compounds
Publication: Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste
Volume 17, Issue 1
Abstract
Bench-scale treatability of an ensemble of gasoline compounds was investigated using unactivated and activated persulfate. The activation strategies explored were chelated-iron, peroxide, alkaline conditions, and the presence of aquifer solids. Batch reactor trials were designed with an initial total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of , and nine organic compounds were monitored over a 28-day reaction period. First-order oxidation rate coefficients () were estimated for all experimental trials. Unactivated persulfate at a concentration of resulted in almost complete oxidation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) (), trimethylbenzenes (), and significant oxidation of naphthalene (). Oxidation rate coefficients were enhanced by 2–15 times using the peroxide or chelated-iron activation strategy. Alkaline activation at pH 11 or 13 yielded that were times higher than the unactivated case, except for the for benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene, which were reduced by 50% at pH 13. Natural activation by two aquifer materials resulted in similar to the unactivated case. Significant oxidant strength (60–85%) was observed in all persulfate reactors, implying significant persulfate persistence under gasoline-contaminated conditions. The overall bulk gasoline stoichiometry for these experimental trials varied from 120 to 340 g-persulfate/g-TPH.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Financial support for this investigation was provided by American Petroleum Institute (API) Energy, a National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada Collaborative Research and Development Grant (J. F. Barker), and a NSERC Discovery Grant (N. R. Thomson).
References
Block, P. A., Brown, R. A., and Robinson, D. (2004). “Novel activation technologies for sodium persulfate in situ chemical oxidation.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. of Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Gavaskar, A. R., and Chen, A. S. C., eds., Battelle Press, Columbus, OH.
Buxton, G. V., Greenstock, C. L., Helman, W. P., and Ross, A. B. (1988). “Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (, ) in aqueous solution.” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 17(2), 513–886.
Crimi, M. L., and Taylor, J. (2007). “Experimental evaluation of catalyzed hydrogen peroxide and sodium persulfate for destruction of BTEX contaminants.” Soil Sediment Contam., 16(1), 29–45.
Ferguson, S. H., Woinarski, A. Z., Snape, I., Morris, C. E., and Revill, A. T. (2004). “A field trial of in situ chemical oxidation to remediate long-term diesel contaminated Antarctic soil.” Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 40(1–2), 47–60.
Ferrarese, E., Andreotolla, G., and Oprea, I. A. (2008). “Remediation of PAH-contaminated sediments by chemical oxidation.” J. Hazard. Mater., 152(1), 128–139.
Forsey, S. P. (2004). “In situ chemical oxidation of creosote/coal tar residuals: Experimental and numerical investigation.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Waterloo, Canada.
Freitas, J. G., and Barker, J. F. (2008). “Sampling VOCs with porous suction samplers in the presence of ethanol: How much are we losing?” Ground Water Monit. Rem., 28(3), 83–92.
House, D. A. (1962). “Kinetics and mechanisms of oxidations by peroxydisulfate.” Chem. Rev., 62(3), 185–203.
Huang, K., Couttenye, R. A., and Hoag, G. E. (2002). “Kinetics of heat-assisted persulfate oxidation of methyl tertbutyl ether (MTBE).” Chemosphere, 49(4), 413–420.
Huang, K., Zhao, Z., Hoag, G. E., Dahmani, A., and Block, P. A. (2005). “Degradation of volatile organic compounds with thermally activated persulfate oxidation.” Chemosphere, 61(4), 551–560.
Kolthoff, I. M., and Miller, I. K. (1951). “The chemistry of persulfate. I., The kinetics and mechanism of the decomposition of the persulfate ion in aqueous medium.” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73(7), 3055–3059.
Liang, C., Bruell, C. J., Marley, M. C., and Sperry, K. L. (2004). “Persulfate oxidation for in situ remediation of TCE. I. Activated by ferrous ion with and without a persulfate-thiosulfate redox couple.” Chemosphere, 55(9), 1213–1223.
Liang, C., Huang, C., and Chen, Y. (2008). “Potential for activated persulfate degradation of BTEX contamination.” Water Res., 42(15), 4091–4100.
Liang, C., and Su, H.-W. (2009). “Identification of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals in thermally activated persulfate.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48(11), 5558–5562.
Liang, C., Wang, Z.-S., and Bruell, C. J. (2007). “Influence of pH on persulfate oxidation of TCE at ambient temperatures.” Chemosphere, 66(1), 106–113.
Lundegard, P. D., and Johnson, P. C. (2006). “Source zone natural attenuation at petroleum hydrocarbon spill sites-II: Application to a former oil field.” Ground Water Monit. Rem., 26(4), 93–106.
Peyton, G. R. (1993). “The free-radical chemistry of persulfate-based total organic carbon analyzers.” Mar. Chem., 41(1–3), 91–103.
Prince, R. C., Parkerton, T. F., and Lee, C. (2007). “The primary aerobic biodegradation of gasoline hydrocarbons.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(9), 3316–3321.
Shih, T., Rong, Y., Harmon, T., and Suffet, M. (2004). “Evaluation of the impact of fuel hydrocarbons and oxygenates on groundwater resources.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(1), 42–48.
Sra, K. S., Thomson, N. R., and Barker, J. F. (2010). “Persistence of persulfate in uncontaminated aquifer materials.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(8), 3098–3104.
Tiburtius, E. R. L., Peralta-Zamora, P., and Emmel, A. (2005). “Treatment of gasoline-contaminated waters by advanced oxidation processes.” J. Hazard. Mater., 126(1–3), 86–90.
Watts, R. J., and Teel, A. L. (2006). “Treatment of contaminated soils and groundwater using ISCO.” Pract. Period. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste Manage., 10(1), 2–9.
Xu, X., and Thomson, N. R. (2009). “A long-term bench-scale investigation of permanganate consumption by aquifer materials.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 110(3–4), 73–86.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 6, 2011
Accepted: Mar 26, 2012
Published online: Dec 16, 2012
Published in print: Jan 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.