Flow Velocity and Water Layer Thickness at Vertical Ring Mesh Structures
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 147, Issue 8
Abstract
Vertically assembled ring meshes serve as barriers against explosive threats, in particular when overflowing water completely covers the mesh. The author measured the flow velocity over these structures using Surface Structure Image Velocimetry and subsequently determined the water layer thickness by taking into account discharges in the range . The water proceeds through and over the mesh and forms surface surges at lower discharges. The surges disappear for higher discharges and induce plain water curtains. Based on a momentum balance equation, a theoretical approach was derived to describe the flow dynamics. The free parameters, e.g., the surface roughness of the metal rings and the deflection angle at the rings, were analyzed and compared with the experimental data. The main finding of this study was that the flow velocity remained constant at , whereas the water thickness increased linearly between 1.0 and 4.6 mm with increasing discharge. As a consequence, ring meshes should be supplied with the highest possible discharge to achieve the greatest mitigating effect against blast wave threats.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
The recorded videos and the MATLAB code of this study are available from the corresponding author.
Acknowledgments
Friedrich Muench GmbH + Co KG, Germany, supported this study by providing the ring mesh and the water module. The author is grateful to Sebastian Rößler, B.Sc., who verified the SSIV tracking method diligently in his bachelor’s thesis. Special thanks are given to Dr.-Ing. Lars Rüdiger, Dipl.-Ing. Paul Warnstedt and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Norbert Gebbeken, who approached the author with the original research question and provided ungrudging information about the outcomes of the explosive tests at the Bundeswehr Technical Center in Oberjettenberg/Germany. The author thanks Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andreas Malcherek for his support and many productive discussions. The author thanks the editor and the reviewers for their productive comments and constructive reviews.
References
Bailey, J., J. Farley, F. Williams, M. Lindsay, and D. Schwer. 2006. Blast mitigation using water mist. Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory.
Chen, L., L. Zhang, Q. Fang, and Y. Mao. 2015. “Performance based investigation on the construction of anti-blast water wall.” Int. J. Impact Eng. 81 (Jul): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.03.003.
Colebrook, C. F. 1939. “Turbulent flow in pipes, with particular reference to the transition region between the smooth and rough pipe laws.” J. Inst. Civ. Eng. 11 (4): 133–156. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijoti.1939.13150.
FEMA. 2007. Risk management series: Site and urban design for security—Guidance against potential terrorist attacks. Washington, DC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Fujita, I., M. Muste, and A. Kruger. 1998. “Large-scale particle image velocimetry for flow analysis in hydraulic engineering applications.” J. Hydraul. Res. 36 (3): 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689809498626.
Gebbeken, N., L. Rüdiger, and P. Warnstedt. 2018a. “Explosion mitigation by water mist–ring mesh with water curtain.” In Proc., 25th Int. Symp. on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock. Spiez, Switzerland: Military Aspects of Blast and Shock.
Gebbeken, N., L. Rüdiger, and P. Warnstedt. 2018b. “Urbane Sicherheit bei Explosionen—Schutz durch Ringgeflecht mit Wasser.” Bautechnik 95 (7): 463–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201800014.
Gebbeken, N., P. Warnstedt, and L. Rüdiger. 2018c. “Blast protection in urban areas using protective plants.” Int. J. Prot. Struct. 9 (2): 226–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041419617746007.
Leitão, J. P., S. Peña-Haro, B. Lüthi, A. Scheidegger, and M. Moy de Vitry. 2018. “Urban overland runoff velocity measurement with consumer-grade surveillance cameras and surface structure image velocimetry.” J. Hydrol. 565 (Oct): 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.09.001.
Lenk, O. 2009. Charakterisierung und Anwendung von flächig periodischen Metall-Ringgeflechten. Tönning, Germany: Der Andere Verlag.
Malcherek, A. 2017. “A new approach to hydraulics based on the momentum balance: Sharp edged outflows and sluices.” In Proc., 37th IAHR World Congress, Flow Interaction with Hydraulic Structures, 1515–1521. Madrid, Spain: International Association for Hydro-Environment.
Mataradze, E., T. Krauthammer, N. Chikhradze, and E. Chagelishvili. 2010. “Influence of liquid phase concentration on shock wave attenuation in mist.” In Proc., 21st Int. Symp. on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock. Spiez, Switzerland: MABS.
Meselhe, E. A., T. Peeva, and M. Muste. 2004. “Large scale particle image velocimetry for low velocity and shallow water flows.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 130 (9): 937–940. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:9(937).
Panici, D., and P. Kripakaran. 2021. “Trapping large wood debris in rivers: Experimental study of novel debris retention system.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 147 (3): 04020101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001859.
Pearce, S., et al. 2020. “An evaluation of image velocimetry techniques under low flow conditions and high seeding densities using unmanned aerial systems.” Remote Sens. 12 (2): 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020232.
proMesh. 2020. Data sheet alphamesh 12.0 1.1 stainless steel. Muehlacker, Germany: Alphamesh.
Rüdiger, L., and M. Steyerer. 2017. “Schutz urbaner Räume mittels Barrieren.” In Proc., Gefährdung, Dynamische Analyse und Schutzkonzepte für Bauliche Strukturen, edited by S. Hiermaier, N. Gebbeken, M. Klaus, and A. Stolz, 335–368. Stuttgart, Germany: Fraunhofer Verlag.
Schunck, T., M. Bastide, D. Eckenfels, and J. F. Legendre. 2019. “Explosion mitigation by metal grid with water curtain.” In Proc., 32nd Int. Symp. on Shock Waves, edited by B. C. Khoo, 1629–1647. Singapore: Research Publishing Services.
Tauro, F., R. Piscopia, and S. Grimaldi. 2017. “Streamflow observations from cameras: Large-scale particle image velocimetry or particle tracking velocimetry?” Water Resour. Res. 53 (12): 10374–10394. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020848.
Teich, M. 2012. “Interaktionen von explosionen mit flexiblen Strukturen: Berichte aus dem Konstruktiven Ingenieurbau 12/1.” Ph.D. dissertation, Institut für Mechanik und Statik, Universität der Bundeswehr München.
van der Wal, R., S. Cargill, A. Longbottom, M. Rhijnsburger, and A. G. van Erkel. 2010. “Explosion mitigation by water mist.” In Proc., 21st Int. Symp. on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock. Spiez, Switzerland: Military Aspects of Blast and Shock.
Verein Deutscher Ingenieure. 2010. “VDI heat atlas.” In VDI-book. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 23, 2020
Accepted: Mar 8, 2021
Published online: May 31, 2021
Published in print: Aug 1, 2021
Discussion open until: Oct 31, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.