Local Scour and Flow Characteristics around Pipeline Subjected to Vortex-Induced Vibrations
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 1
Abstract
Although local scour around submarine pipelines has been extensively studied in the last few decades, understanding of the mechanism of local scour around pipelines is still in its infancy stage due to the complex nature of flow–pipeline–seabed interactions, especially when the pipeline is subjected to vibrations. This experimental study aims to obtain an improved perception of the scour mechanism around a pipeline subjected to vortex-induced vibrations. The experiments were conducted in a flow recirculation flume in clear-water scour conditions in which a circular cylinder with diameter () of 35 mm was used as the pipeline model. The initial gap () between the underside of the pipeline and undisturbed flat-bed level was . The time evolution of the pipeline motion and scour profile around the pipeline was measured using a high-speed camera and laser sources. The flow fields around the vibrating pipeline were obtained using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique and phase-average analysis. Based on the characteristics of the development of the scour hole and pipeline motions, three scour stages are identified. The downward motion of the vibrating pipeline and interactions between the counterclockwise vortex (downstream of the pipeline) that sheds from the lower shear layer of the pipeline and sediment bed are found to be the primary mechanisms that cause the formation of the scour holes beneath the pipeline. The interactive coupling effects among the vibrating pipeline, flow field, and scour process also are discussed in this study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request (raw experimental video data).
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are proprietary or confidential in nature and may only be provided with restrictions (PIV algorithm code). To request the PIV algorithm code of this article, directly application may be made to AXESEA Information Technology Co., Ltd.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by Singapore Maritime Institute (SMI) and EMAS AMC, under the SMI Deepwater Technology R&D Programme (Research Grant No. SMI-2014-OF-12). The first author also acknowledges support provided by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51709082) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2018B13014).
References
Andrea, S., and S. Fulvio. 2014. “Elimination of PIV light reflections via a temporal high pass filter.” Meas. Sci. Technol. 25 (8): 084009. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/25/8/084009.
Biron, P. M., C. Robson, M. F. Lapointe, and S. J. Gaskin. 2004. “Comparing different methods of bed shear stress estimates in simple and complex flow fields.” Earth Surf. Processes Landforms 29 (11): 1403–1415. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1111.
Cheng, L., K. Yeow, Z. Zang, and F. Li. 2014. “3D scour below pipelines under waves and combined waves and currents.” Coastal Eng. 83 (Jan): 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.10.006.
Chiew, Y. M. 1990. “Mechanics of local scour around submarine pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 116 (4): 515–529. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1990)116:4(515).
Chiew, Y. M. 1991. “Prediction of maximum scour depth at submarine pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 117 (4): 452–466. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:4(452).
Chiew, Y. M. 1992. “Effect of spoilers on scour at submarine pipelines.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 118 (9): 1311–1317. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1992)118:9(1311).
Chiew, Y. M., and G. Parker. 1994. “Incipient sediment motion on non-horizontal slopes.” J. Hydraul. Res. 32 (5): 649–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689409498706.
Feng, C. C. 1968. “The measurement of vortex induced effects in flow past stationary and oscillating circular and D-section cylinders.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia.
Fredsøe, J. 2016. “Pipeline-seabed interaction.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 142 (6): 03116002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000352.
Fu, S., Y. Xu, and Y. Chen. 2014. “Seabed effects on the hydrodynamics of a circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration at high Reynolds number.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 140 (3): 04014008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000241.
Gao, F. P., B. Yang, Y. X. Wu, and S. M. Yan. 2006. “Steady current induced seabed scour around a vibrating pipeline.” Appl. Ocean Res. 28 (5): 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2007.01.004.
Govardhan, R., and C. H. K. Williamson. 2000. “Modes of vortex formation and frequency response of a freely vibrating cylinder.” J. Fluid Mech. 420 (Oct): 85–130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112000001233.
Graf, W. H., and I. Istiarto. 2002. “Flow pattern in the scour hole around a cylinder.” J. Hydraul. Res. 40 (1): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680209499869.
Guan, D., S. C. Hsieh, Y. M. Chiew, and Y. M. Low. 2019. “Experimental study of scour around a forced vibrating pipeline in quiescent water.” Coastal Eng. 143 (Jan): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.10.010.
Guan, D., B. W. Melville, and H. Friedrich. 2014. “Flow patterns and turbulence structures in a scour hole downstream of a submerged weir.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 140 (1): 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000803.
Hsieh, S. C. 2008. “Establishment of high time-resolved PIV system with application to the characteristics of a near wake flow behind a circular cylinder.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing Univ.
Hsieh, S. C., Y. M. Low, and Y. M. Chiew. 2016. “Flow characteristics around a circular cylinder subjected to vortex-induced vibration near a plane boundary.” J. Fluids Struct. 65 (Aug): 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2016.06.007.
Khalak, A., and C. H. K. Williamson. 1997. “Fluid forces and dynamics of a hydroelastic structure with very low mass and damping.” J. Fluids Struct. 11 (8): 973–982. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfls.1997.0110.
Khalak, A., and C. H. K. Williamson. 1999. “Motions, forces and mode transitions in vortex-induced vibrations at low mass-damping.” J. Fluids Struct. 13 (7): 813–851. https://doi.org/10.1006/jfls.1999.0236.
Kiger, K. T., and C. Pan. 2000. “PIV technique for the simultaneous measurement of dilute two-phase flows.” J. Fluids Eng. 122 (4): 811–818. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1314864.
Lee, J. S. 1980. “Digital image enhancement and noise filtering by use of local statistics.” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. PAMI-2 (2): 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.1980.4766994.
Li, F., A. Dwivedi, Y. Low, J. Hong, and Y. M. Chiew. 2013. “Experimental investigation on scour under a vibrating catenary riser.” J. Eng. Mech. 139 (7): 868–878. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000546.
Lin, W. J., C. Lin, S. C. Hsieh, and S. Dey. 2009. “Flow characteristics around a circular cylinder placed horizontally above a plane boundary.” J. Eng. Mech. 135 (7): 697–716. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2009)135:7(697).
Liu, M. M., L. Lu, B. Teng, M. Zhao, and G. Q. Tang. 2016. “Numerical modeling of local scour and forces for submarine pipeline under surface waves.” Coastal Eng. 116 (Oct): 275–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2016.05.003.
Melville, B. W. 1997. “Pier and abutment scour: Integrated approach.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 123 (2): 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:2(125).
Nielsen, P. 2002. “Shear stress and sediment transport calculations for swash zone modelling.” Coastal Eng. 45 (1): 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(01)00036-9.
Pope, N. D., J. Widdows, and M. D. Brinsley. 2006. “Estimation of bed shear stress using the turbulent kinetic energy approach—A comparison of annular flume and field data.” Cont. Shelf Res. 26 (8): 959–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.02.010.
Sumer, B., and J. Fredsøe. 1990. “Scour below pipelines in waves.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 116 (3): 307–323. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1990)116:3(307).
Sumer, B. M., and J. Fredsøe. 2002. The mechanics of scour in the marine environment. Singapore: World Scientific.
Sumer, B. M., Y. Mao, and J. Fredsøe. 1988. “Interaction between vibrating pipe and erodible bed.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 114 (1): 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1988)114:1(81).
Sumer, B. M., C. Truelsen, T. Sichmann, and J. Fredsøe. 2001. “Onset of scour below pipelines and self-burial.” Coastal Eng. 42 (4): 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3839(00)00066-1.
Williamson, C. H. K., and A. Roshko. 1988. “Vortex formation in the wake of an oscillating cylinder.” J. Fluids Struct. 2 (4): 355–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-9746(88)90058-8.
Yang, B., F. Gao, D. S. Jeng, and Y. Wu. 2009. “Experimental study of vortex-induced vibrations of a cylinder near a rigid plane boundary in steady flow.” Acta Mech. Sin. 25 (1): 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-008-0221-7.
Yang, B., F. P. Gao, D. S. Jeng, and Y. X. Wu. 2008. “Experimental study of vortex-induced vibrations of a pipeline near an erodible sandy seabed.” Ocean Eng. 35 (3): 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2007.11.001.
Zhao, M., and L. Cheng. 2010. “Numerical investigation of local scour below a vibrating pipeline under steady currents.” Coastal Eng. 57 (4): 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.11.008.
Zhao, M., and L. Cheng. 2011. “Numerical simulation of two-degree-of-freedom vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder close to a plane boundary.” J. Fluids Struct. 27 (7): 1097–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2011.07.001.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 1 • January 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 18, 2018
Accepted: May 29, 2019
Published online: Nov 12, 2019
Published in print: Jan 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Apr 12, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.