Technical Papers
Sep 9, 2016

Axial Resistance of Closed-Ended Steel-Pipe Piles Driven in Multilayered Soil

Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 143, Issue 3

Abstract

In order to better understand the response of driven, closed-ended, pipe piles subjected to axial loads and examine the performance of existing pile design methods, static and dynamic load tests were performed on a closed-ended steel pipe pile driven in a multilayered soil profile. The test pile was fully instrumented with electrical-resistance and vibrating-wire strain gauges, which enabled the determination of residual loads before sensors were reset and load-transfer curves for all loads applied at the pile head during the static load test. The ultimate base and limit shaft resistances of the test pile measured in the static load test and estimated from dynamic load tests are compared with estimates made using several cone penetration test-based (CPT-based) and property-based pile design methods. Two additional case histories are used to verify these design methods, most of which produce satisfactory estimates of pile resistance.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

The pile load test presented in this paper was partially funded by the Indiana Department of Transportation. This support is greatly appreciated. The authors acknowledge the help of Eshan Ganju, Jeehee Lim, Yanfei Ren, and Yanbei Zhang for assisting with the pile instrumentation and data acquisition during the load test. The authors also are thankful for the work done in connection with the load test by Pete Hall from Primco Inc. and Travis Coleman from GRL Engineers, Inc., as well as in connection with the CPT tests performed by Jonathan Paauwe from the Indiana Department of Transportation.

References

Alawneh, A. S., and Malkawi, A. I. H. (2000). “Estimation of post-driving residual stresses along driven piles in sand.” Geotech. Test. J., 23(3), 313–326.
Al-Shafei, K. A., Cox, W. R., and Helfrich, S. C. (1994). “Pile load tests in dense sand: Analysis of static test results.” Offshore Technology Conf., Houston.
ASTM. (2013). “Standard test methods for deep foundations under static axial compressive load.” ASTM D1143/D1143M-07, West Conshohocken, PA.
Axelsson, G. (2000). “Long-term set-up of driven piles in sand.” Ph.D. thesis, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
Basu, D., and Salgado, R. (2014). “Closure to ‘Load and resistance factor design of drilled shafts in sand’ by D. Basu and Rodrigo Salgado.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 07014002.
Basu, P., Prezzi, M., Salgado, R., and Chakraborty, T. (2014). “Shaft resistance and setup factors for piles jacked in clay.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 04013026.
Bica, A. V. D., Salgado, R., Kim, D., Seo, H., and Prezzi, M. (2014). “Instrumentation and axial load testing of displacement piles.” Proc. ICE–Geotech. Eng., 167(3), 238–252.
Bowman, E. T., and Soga, K. (2005). “Mechanisms of setup of displacement piles in sand: Laboratory creep tests.” Can. Geotech. J., 42(5), 1391–1407.
Briaud, J., and Tucker, L. (1984). “Piles in sand: A method including residual stresses.” J. Geotech. Eng., 1666–1680.
Briaud, J. J., and Tucker, L. M. L. (1988). “Measured and predicted axial response of 98 piles.” J. Geotech. Eng., 984–1001.
Bullock, P. J., Schmertmann, J. H., McVay, M. C., and Townsend, F. C. (2005). “Side shear setup. I: Results from Florida test piles.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 301–310.
CAPWAP [Computer software]. Pile Dynamics, Cleveland.
Chin, F. K. (1970). “Estimation of the ultimate load of piles not carried to failure.” Proc., 2nd Southeast Asian Conf. on Soil Engineering, Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society, Pathumthani, Thailand, 81–90.
Chow, F. C., Jardine, R. J., Brucy, F., and Nauroy, J. F. (1998). “Effects of time on capacity of pipe piles in dense marine sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 254–264.
Clausen, C., Aas, P., and Karlsrud, K. (2005). “Bearing capacity of driven piles in sand, the NGI approach.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, Taylor & Francis, London, 574–580.
Comodromos, E. M., Anagnostopoulos, C. T., and Georgiadis, M. K. (2003). “Numerical assessment of axial pile group response based on load test.” Comput. Geotech., 30(6), 505–515.
Dunnicliff, J. (1993). Geotechnical instrumentation for monitoring field performance, Wiley, New York.
Fellenius, B. H., Harris, D. E., and Anderson, D. G. (2004). “Static loading test on a 45 m long pipe pile in Sandpoint, Idaho.” Can. Geotech. J., 41(4), 613–628.
Fleming, K., Weltman, A., Randolph, M., and Elson, K. (2008). Piling engineering, CRC Press, New York.
Foye, K. C., Abou-Jaoude, G., Prezzi, M., and Salgado, R. (2009). “Resistance factors for use in load and resistance factor design of driven pipe piles in sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1–13.
Gavin, K., and Lehane, B. (2007). “Base load-displacement response of piles in sand.” Cana. Geotech. J., 44(9), 1053–1063.
GRL Engineers. (2014). “IR-30141—7th Road over U.S.”, IN.
Hajduk, E. L., and Paikowsky, S. G. (2000). “Performance evaluation of an instrumented test pile cluster.” Performance Confirmation of Constructed Geotechnical Facilities, ASCE, Reston, VA, 124–147.
IDNR (Indiana Department of Natural Resources). (2015). “Status of ground water levels.” 〈http://www.in.gov/dnr/water/4859.htm〉 (Jun. 1, 2015).
Jardine, R., Chow, F., Overy, R., and Standing, J. (2005). ICP design methods for driven piles in sand and clays, Thomas Telford, London.
Jardine, R. J., Standing, J. R., and Chow, F. C. (2006). “Some observations of the effects of time on the capacity of piles driven in sand.” Géotechnique, 56(4), 227–244.
Karlsrud, K., Clausen, C., and Aas, P. (2005). “Bearing capacity of driven piles in clay, the NGI approach.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, Taylor and Francis, Perth, Australia, 775–782.
Kim, D., Bica, A. V., Salgado, R., Prezzi, M., and Lee, W. (2009). “Load testing of a closed-ended pipe pile driven in multilayered soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 463–473.
Kolk, H. J., Baaijens, A. E., and Senders, M. (2005). “Design criteria for pipe piles in silica sands.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, Taylor & Francis, London, 711–716.
Kolk, H. J., and der Velde, E. (1996). “A reliable method to determine friction capacity of piles driven into clays.” Offshore Technology Conf., Houston.
Komurka, V. E., Wagner, A. B., and Tuncer, E. (2003). “Estimating soil/pile set-up.”, Wagner Komurka Geotechnical Group, Cedarburg, WI.
Kulhawy, F. H., and Mayne, P. W. (1990). “Manual on estimating soil properties for foundation design.” Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA.
Lee, J. H., and Salgado, R. (1999). “Determination of pile base resistance in sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 673–683.
Lee, W., Kim, D., Salgado, R., and Zaheer, M. (2010). “Setup of driven piles in layered soil.” Soil Found., 50(5), 585–598.
Lehane, B. M., Jardine, R. J., Bond, A. J., and Frank, R. (1993). “Mechanisms of shaft friction in sand from instrumented pile tests.” J. Geotech. Eng., 19–35.
Lehane, B. M., Li, Y., and Williams, R. (2013). “Shaft capacity of displacement piles in clay using the cone penetration test.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 253–266.
Lehane, B. M., Schneider, J. A., and Xu, X. (2005). “The UWA-05 method for prediction of axial capacity of driven piles in sand.” Proc., Int. Symp. on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (IS-FOG 2005), Taylor & Francis, London, 683–689.
Lim, J., and Lehane, B. (2014). “Characterisation of the effects of time on the shaft friction of displacement piles in sand.” Géotechnique, 64(6), 476–485.
Paik, K., Salgado, R., Lee, J., and Kim, B. (2003). “Behavior of open- and closed-ended piles driven into sands.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 296–306.
Randolph, M. F. (2003). “Science and empiricism in pile foundation design.” Géotechnique, 53(10), 847–875.
Robertson, P. K. (2009). “Interpretation of cone penetration tests—A unified approach.” Can. Geotech. J., 46(11), 1337–1355.
Salgado, R. (2008). The engineering of foundations, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Salgado, R., Woo, S. I., and Kim, D. (2011). “Development of load and resistance factor design for ultimate and serviceability limit states of transportation structure foundations.”, Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Dept. of Transportation and Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
Seo, H., Yildirim, I. Z., and Prezzi, M. (2009). “Assessment of the axial load response of an H pile driven in multilayered soil.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1789–1804.
Van Dijk, B. F. J., and Kolk, H. J. (2011). “CPT-based design method for axial capacity of offshore piles in clays.” Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics II, Taylor & Francis, London, 555–560.
Vesic, A. S. (1967). “A study of bearing capacity of deep foundations.”, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
White, D., and Zhao, Y. (2006). “A model-scale investigation into ‘set-up’of displacement piles in sand.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics—6th ICPMG, Taylor & Francis, London, 889–894.
White, D. J., and Bolton, M. D. (2002). “Observing friction fatigue on a jacked pile.” Constitutive and centrifuge modelling: Two extremes, S. M. Springman, ed., Taylor & Francis, London, 346–354.
Xu, X., Schneider, J. A., and Lehane, B. M. (2008). “Cone penetration test (CPT) methods for end-bearing assessment of open- and closed-ended driven piles in siliceous sand.” Can. Geotech. J., 45(8), 1130–1141.
Yen, T. L., Lin, H., Chin, C., and Wang, R. F. (1989). “Interpretation of instrumented driven steel pipe piles.” Foundation Engineering: Current Principles and Practices, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1293–1308.
Yu, F., and Yang, J. (2012). “Base capacity of open-ended steel pipe piles in sand.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 1116–1128.
Zhang, Z., and Wang, Y. H. (2015). “Examining setup mechanisms of driven piles in sand using laboratory model pile tests.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 04014114.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 143Issue 3March 2017

History

Received: Sep 30, 2015
Accepted: Jun 7, 2016
Published online: Sep 9, 2016
Discussion open until: Feb 9, 2017
Published in print: Mar 1, 2017

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Fei Han, S.M.ASCE [email protected]
Ph.D. Student, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907 (corresponding author). E-mail: [email protected]
Monica Prezzi, A.M.ASCE [email protected]
Professor of Civil Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907. E-mail: [email protected]
Rodrigo Salgado, F.ASCE [email protected]
Charles Pankow Professor in Civil Engineering, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN 47907. E-mail: [email protected]
Geotechnical Engineer, Office of Geotechnical Engineering, INDOT, Indianapolis, IN 46219. E-mail: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share