Field Installation Effects of Stone Columns on Load Settlement Characteristics of Reinforced Soft Ground

Acknowledgments

Notation

b_k

regression parameter for soil permeability;

$b_k^0$

value of b_k at initial ground surface;

b_m

regression parameter for soil compressibility;

$b_m^0$

value of b_m at initial ground surface;

[C]

augment matrix;

c, c′

undrained and drained cohesion of soil;

c_ij

typical element of augment matrix;

c_v

coefficient of consolidation;

E

elastic modulus;

$E_{50}^{\mathrm{ref}}$

secant modulus;

$E_{oed}^{\mathrm{ref}}$

tangent modulus;

$E_{ur}^{\mathrm{ref}}$

stiffness modulus;

e

void ratio;

e₀

initial void ratio;

[F]

coefficient matrix;

f_ij

typical element of coefficient matrix;

H

thickness of soft-clay deposit;

k_h

horizontal permeability of soft clay;

k_v

vertical permeability of soft clay;

m_v

volumetric compressibility of soft clay;

n

regression parameter;

n_r

number of radial divisions;

n_s

column–soil stress concentration ratio;

n_t

number of divisions along time axis;

n_z

number of vertical divisions;

p′

effective overburden stress;

r

radial distance;

r_c

column radius;

r_e

unit cell radius;

r_s

radius of smear zone;

s

spacing of columns;

s_r

settlement ratio;

t

time;

[U]

excess pore-water pressure matrix;

u_rt

excess pore-water pressure at point (r,t);

z

depth;

α, α_i, α_f, α_t, α_k

nondimensional clogging factors;

β_k

regression parameter for soil permeability;

${\beta }_{k_{r_e}}$

value of ${\beta }_k^{}$ at r = r_e;

${\beta }_{k_{r_e}}^0$

value of ${\beta }_{k_{r_e}}$ at ground surface;

β_m

regression parameter for soil compressibility;

${\beta }_{m_{r_e}}$

value of β_m at r = r_e;

${\beta }_{m_{r_e}}^0$

value of ${\beta }_{m_{r_e}}$ at ground surface;

δ_r

length of an element on radial axis;

δ_z

length of an element on depth axis;

ν

Poisson’s ratio;

λ, κ

soft soil parameters;

γ_w

unit weight of water;

ϕ, ϕ′

undrained and drained friction angles;

ρ_av

average settlement of reinforced ground;

${\rho }_{av}^u$

average settlement of unreinforced ground;

ψ

dilation angle;

ξt

settlement factor;

${\omega }_{b_k}$

rate of increase of b_k with depth;

${\omega }_{b_m}$

rate of increase of b_m with depth;

${\omega }_{{\beta }_k}$

rate of increase of ${\beta }_{k_{r_e}}$ with depth; and

${\omega }_{{\beta }_m}$

rate of increase of ${\beta }_{m_{r_e}}$ with depth.

References