Compressive Wave Isolation of Lightweight Equipment Very Close to a Vibration Source Using a Rubber Sheet
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 22, Issue 1
Abstract
Protecting sensitive and/or valuable facilities is of concern when placing them near a machine foundation. There are methods available and well-studied such as wave barriers to reduce transmitted vibration and noises in the vicinity of a vibration source. Wave barriers are feasible to protect objects that are far enough from the vibration sources but are not practical to protect any facilities that are very close. In regions very close to the vibration source, body waves are dominant and carry most of the energy of the propagated wave, but at greater distances, Rayleigh waves are predominant and wave barriers become feasible. In this study, a rubber sheet is placed between a vibration source and nearby lightweight equipment (NLE). This has allowed assessment of this technique as a potential means of isolating NLE from machine foundations that are sources of vibration. The dynamic response of the machine foundation and NLE has been evaluated by conducting a series of vertical steady-state vibration tests. It was observed that by isolating a vibration source using a rubber sheet, the resonant frequency of the source and the NLE decreases. This is desirable when it displaces the resonant frequency away from the working frequency. Moreover, a considerable reduction of the vertical amplitude of NLE was observed in the optimal frequency range of 40–50 Hz by isolating the vibration source by using 12 mm of rubber sheet.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Notation
The following symbols are used in this paper:
- A
- contact area of foundation and soil;
- B
- width of foundation;
- c
- dashpot coefficient;
- e
- eccentricity;
- F(t)
- dynamic force function;
- fres
- resonance frequency;
- G
- shear modulus of soil;
- Gs
- specific gravity;
- K
- equivalent spring stiffness;
- K
- spring stiffness;
- Krubber
- equivalent dynamic stiffness of rubber;
- Krubber-soil
- equivalent dynamic stiffness of the bed consists of rubber and soil;
- Ksoil
- equivalent dynamic stiffness of soil;
- L
- distance of NLE to the vibration source;
- m
- foundation mass;
- m
- mass of foundation;
- me
- total eccentricity masses;
- r
- circular foundation or equivalent circular foundation radius;
- tR
- rubber sheet thickness;
- Zres
- resonance amplitude;
- z
- vertical displacement of foundation;
- ζ, D
- damping ratio;
- ν
- Poisson ratio;
- φ
- internal friction;
- ω
- angular frequency; and
- ωn
- natural angular frequency.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2011. Foundation for dynamic equipment. ACI-351.3R-04. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Ahmad, A., and K. Fakharian. 2020. “Effect of stress rotation and intermediate stress ratio on monotonic behavior of granulated rubber–sand mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 32 (4): 04020047. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003054.
Alzawi, A., and M. El Naggar. 2011. “Full scale experimental study on vibration scattering using open and in-filled (geofoam) wave barriers.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 31 (3): 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.08.010.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)). ASTM D1557. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for density and unit weight of soil in place by sand-cone method. ASTM D1556. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2017. Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (unified soil classification system). ASTM D2487-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Baidya, D. K., and G. M. Krishna. 2001. “Investigation of resonant frequency and amplitude of vibrating footing resting on a layered soil system.” Geotech. Test. J. 24 (4): 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11138J.
Baidya, D. K., and A. Mandal. 2006. “Dynamic response of footing resting on a layered soil system.” West Indian J. Eng. 28 (2): 65–79.
Baidya, D. K., and G. Muralikrishna. 2001. “Natural frequency of vibrating foundations on layered soil system—An experimental investigation.” In Int. Conf. on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, 1–6. Rolla, MO: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Baidya, D. K., G. Muralikrishna, and P. K. Pradhan. 2006. “Investigation of foundation vibrations resting on a layered soil system.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132 (1): 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:1(116).
Baidya, D. K., and A. Rathi. 2004. “Dynamic response of footings resting on a sand layer of finite thickness.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 130 (6): 651–655. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:6(651).
Bandyopadhyay, S., A. Sengupta, and G. R. Reddy. 2015. “Performance of sand and shredded rubber tire mixture as a natural base isolator for earthquake protection.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib. 14 (4): 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-015-0053-y.
Bernal-Sanchez, J., J. McDougall, D. Barreto, M. Miranda, and A. Marinelli. 2018. “Dynamic behaviour of shredded rubber soil mixtures.” In Proc., 16th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 1–12. Istanbul, Turkey: The European Association of Earthquake Engineering.
Brownjohn, J. 2005. “Vibration control of sensitive manufacturing facilities.” In Laboratoire Central Des Ponts Et Chaussée, 1–8. France: Laboratoire central des ponts et chaussée.
Brunet, S., J. C. de la Llera, and E. Kausel. 2016. “Non-linear modeling of seismic isolation systems made of recycled tire-rubber.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 85: 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.03.019.
Davis, D. 2011. “A review of prediction methods for ground-borne noise due to tunnel construction activities.” In Proc., 14th Australasian Tunnelling Conf. 2011: Development of Underground Space, Engineers Australia and Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 39–51. Carlton, VIC: Engineers Australia and Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.
Dhanya, J. S., A. Boominathan, and S. Banerjee. 2019. “Performance of geo-base isolation system with geogrid reinforcement.” Int. J. Geomech. 19 (7): 04019073. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001469.
Dijckmans, A., A. Ekblad, A. Smekal, G. Degrande, and G. Lombaert. 2016. “Efficacy of a sheet pile wall as a wave barrier for railway induced ground vibration.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 84: 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.02.001.
Dudchenko, A. V., D. Dias, and S. V. Kuznetsov. 2021. “Vertical wave barriers for vibration reduction.” Arch. Appl. Mech. 91 (1): 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-020-01768-2.
El Naggar, M. 2003. “Performance evaluation of vibration-sensitive equipment foundations under ground-transmitted excitation.” Can. Geotech. J. 40 (3): 598–615. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-014.
Esmaeili, M., J. A. Zakeri, and S. A. Mosayebi. 2014. “Investigating the optimized open V-shaped trench performance in reduction of train-induced ground vibrations.” Int. J. Geomech. 14 (3): 04014004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000331.
Gao, G., N. Li, and X. Gu. 2015. “Field experiment and numerical study on active vibration isolation by horizontal blocks in layered ground under vertical loading.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 69: 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.11.006.
Gazetas, G. 1983. “Analysis of machine foundation vibrations: State of the art.” Int. J. Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 2 (1): 2–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(83)90025-6.
Kaewunruen, S., and A. Remennikov. 2006. “Laboratory measurements of dynamic properties of rail pads under incremental preload.” In Proc., 19th Australasian Conf. on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials, 319–324. London: Taylor & Francis.
Kelly, J. M., and D. Konstantinidis. 2011. Mechanics of rubber bearings for seismic and vibration isolation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Lei, L., and W. Benli. 2008. “Multi objective robust active vibration control for flexure jointed struts of Stewart platforms via h∞ and μ synthesis.” Chin. J. Aeronaut. 21 (2): 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1000-9361(08)60016-3.
Li, B., M. Huang, and X. Zeng. 2016. “Dynamic behavior and liquefaction analysis of recycled-rubber sand mixtures.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 28 (11): 04016122. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001629.
Makovička, D., and D. Makovička. 2012. “The use of rubber vibro-base isolation to decrease structure dynamic response.” In Proc., 18th Int. Conf. on Engineering Mechanics 2012, 14–17. Svratka, Czech Republic: Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Academy of Sciences.
Mandal, A., and D. K. Baidya. 2004. “Effect of presence of rigid base within the soil on the dynamic response of rigid surface foundation.” Geotech. Test. J. 27 (5): 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11850.
Mandal, A., D. K. Baidya, and D. Roy. 2012. “Dynamic response of the foundations resting on a two-layered soil underlain by a rigid layer.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 30 (4): 775–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-012-9497-2.
Mbawala, S., G. Heymann, C. Roth, and P. S. Heyns. 2017. “The effect of embedment on a foundation subjected to vertical vibration—A field study.” J. South Afr. Inst. Civ. Eng. 59 (4): 26–33. https://doi.org/10.17159/2309-8775/2017/v59n4a3.
Miller, G., H. Pursey, and E. C. Bullard. 1955. “On the partition of energy between elastic waves in a semi-infinite solid.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 233 (1192): 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1955.0245.
Moghaddas Tafreshi, S. N., N. J. Darabi, and A. R. Dawson. 2018. “Cyclic loading response of footing on multilayered rubber–soil mixtures.” Geomech. Eng. 14 (2): 115–129. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.14.2.115.
Mooney, M. A., and C. O. Bouton. 2005. “Vibratory plate loading of compacted and instrumented field soil beds.” Geotech. Test. J. 28 (3): 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ12448.
Murillo, C., L. Thorel, and B. Caicedo. 2009. “Ground vibration isolation with geofoam barriers: Centrifuge modeling.” Geotext. Geomembr. 27 (6): 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2009.03.006.
Nakhaei, A., S. M. Marandi, S. S. Kermani, and M. H. Bagheripour. 2012. “Dynamic properties of granular soils mixed with granulated rubber.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 43: 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.07.026.
Peplow, A., P. Persson, and L. V. Andersen. 2021. “Evaluating annoyance mitigation in the screening of train-induced noise and ground vibrations using a single-leaf traffic barrier.” Sci. Total Environ. 790: 147877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147877.
Pradhan, P. K., D. K. Baidya, and D. P. Ghosh. 2004. “Dynamic response of foundations resting on layered soil by cone model.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 24 (6): 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.03.001.
Prakash, S. 1981. Soil dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Richart, F. E., J. R. Hall, and R. D. Woods. 1970. Vibrations of soils and foundations. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Senetakis, K., A. Anastasiadis, and K. Pitilakis. 2012. “Dynamic properties of dry sand/rubber (SRM) and gravel/rubber (GRM) mixtures in a wide range of shearing strain amplitudes.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 33 (1): 38–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.10.003.
Shariatmadari, N., M. Karimpour-Fard, and A. Shargh. 2018. “Undrained monotonic and cyclic behavior of sand–ground rubber mixtures.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib. 17 (3): 541–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-018-0461-x.
Sitharam, T. G. 2018. Advanced foundation engineering. London: Taylor & Francis.
Sivakumar Babu, G. L., A. Srivastava, K. S. Nanjunda Rao, and S. Venkatesha. 2011. “Analysis and design of vibration isolation system using open trenches.” Int. J. Geomech. 11 (5): 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000103.
Swain, A., and P. Ghosh. 2016. “Experimental study on dynamic interference effect of two closely spaced machine foundations.” Can. Geotech. J. 53 (2): 196–209. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0462.
Toygar, O., and D. Ulgen. 2021. “A full-scale field study on mitigation of environmental ground vibrations by using open trenches.” Build. Environ. 203: 108070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108070.
Truong, H. 2011. “Dynamic spring constants and effect of frequency on footing vibration.” In Proc., 14th Asian Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 23–27. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
Ulgen, D., O. L. Ertugrul, and M. Y. Ozkan. 2016. “Measurement of ground borne vibrations for foundation design and vibration isolation of a high-precision instrument.” Measurement 93: 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.07.041.
Woods, R. D. 1968. “Screening of surface waves in soils.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. 94 (4): 951–979. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001180.
Zakeri, R., and S. N. Moghaddas Tafreshi. 2019. “Experimental investigation on behavior of soil bed containing rubber–soil mixture layer.” Sharif Civ. Eng. 35.2 (2.1): 123–132. https://doi.org/10.24200/j30.2018.2116.2093.
Zakeri, R., and S. N. Moghaddas Tafreshi. 2020. Patent: “Laboratory and in-situ device to investigate the dynamic response of vibrating foundation, the bed of vibrating foundation, its vicinity area, and dynamic properties of bed.” Tehran, Iran: IRIPO.
Zakeri, R., S. N. Moghaddas Tafreshi, A. R. Dawson, and D. Baidya. 2021. “Influence of rubber sheet on dynamic response of machine foundations.” Constr. Build. Mater. 274: 121788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121788.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 22 • Issue 1 • January 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 6, 2021
Accepted: Sep 21, 2021
Published online: Nov 10, 2021
Published in print: Jan 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Apr 10, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.