Experimental Study of Mechanical Behavior of Gneiss Considering the Orientation of Schistosity under True Triaxial Compression
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 11
Abstract
Rocks with a layered structure (bedding or foliation) usually exhibit different levels of anisotropy in terms of deformation, strength, and failure mode under multiaxial stress conditions. This anisotropy is influenced by the spatial relationship between the internal layered structure and the principal stresses; however, relatively few experimental studies have been conducted due to various limitations, resulting in insufficient knowledge of the failure mechanism of layered rocks. A series of true triaxial compression tests for a gneiss were carried out considering the orientation of schistosity. The results show that the orientation of schistosity has a significant impact on the strength and failure of this gneiss. More specifically, under the same intermediate principal stress σ2, the strength of specimens increases as the angle (ω) between the strike of schistosity and the direction of σ2 increases. The greater the angle ω, the more sensitive the strength varies with σ2. When σ2 is low, the schistosity plane acts as a weak plane to control the failure of the specimen, and the main failure plane is parallel to the schistosity. As σ2 increases, the weakening effect of schistosity decreases, and the influence of σ2 on the failure is enhanced. In this case, the failure of cutting through the rock matrix more commonly occurs, and the failure plane dips toward σ3 and strikes parallel to σ2.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 51709043 and 111 Project under Grant No. B17009. The authors also thank Messrs Liang-Jie Gu, Rui Kong, Hui Li, Chun Wang, and Wen-Can Zhang at Northeastern University, China, for their assistance in specimen preparation and testing.
References
Bai, Q., and R. P. Young. 2020. “Numerical investigation of the mechanical and damage behaviors of veined gneiss during true-triaxial stress path loading by simulation of in situ conditions.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53 (1): 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01898-2.
Cho, J.-W., H. Kim, S. Jeon, and K.-B. Min. 2012. “Deformation and strength anisotropy of Asan gneiss, Boryeong shale, and Yeoncheon schist.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 50 (2): 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.12.004.
Dan, D. Q., H. Konietzky, and M. Herbst. 2013. “Brazilian tensile strength tests on some anisotropic rocks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 58 (2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.08.010.
Duan, K., C. Y. Kwok, and M. Pierce. 2016. “Discrete element method modeling of inherently anisotropic rocks under uniaxial compression loading.” Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 40 (8): 1150–1183. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2476.
Feng, X.-T., B. Haimson, X. C. Li, C. D. Chang, X. D. Ma, X. W. Zhang, M. Ingraham, and K. Suzuki. 2019a. “ISRM suggested method: Determining deformation and failure characteristics of rocks subjected to true triaxial compression.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 52 (6): 2011–2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01782-z.
Feng, X.-T., R. Kong, C. X. Yang, X. W. Zhang, Z. F. Wang, Q. Han, and G. Wang. 2020. “A three-dimensional failure criterion for hard rocks under true triaxial compression.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 53 (1): 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01903-8.
Feng, X.-T., R. Kong, X. W. Zhang, and C. X. Yang. 2019b. “Experimental study of failure differences in hard rock under true triaxial compression.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 52 (7): 2109–2122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1700-1.
Feng, X.-T., X. Zhang, R. Kong, and G. Wang. 2016. “A novel Mogi type true triaxial testing apparatus and its use to obtain complete stress–strain curves of hard rocks.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (5): 1649–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0875-y.
Ghazvinian, A., R. G. Vaneghi, M. R. Hadei, and M. J. Azinfar. 2013. “Shear behavior of inherently anisotropic rocks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 61: 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.01.009.
Gholami, R., and V. Rasouli. 2014. “Mechanical and elastic properties of transversely isotropic slate.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 47 (5): 1763–1773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0488-2.
Khanlari, G., B. Rafiei, and Y. Abdilor. 2015. “Evaluation of strength anisotropy and failure modes of laminated sandstones.” Arab. J. Geosci. 8 (5): 3089–3102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-014-1411-1.
Kim, K. Y., L. Zhuang, H. Yang, H. Kim, and K.-B. Min. 2016. “Strength anisotropy of berea sandstone: Results of x-ray computed tomography, compression tests, and discrete modeling.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (4): 1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0820-0.
Kwaśniewski, M. A., and K. Mogi. 1990. “Effect of the intermediate principal stress on the failure of a foliated anisotropic rock.” In Proc., Int. Conf. Mech. Jointed and Faulted Rock, 407–416. Rotterdam: Balkema.
Kwaśniewski, M. A., and K. Mogi. 1996. “Faulting of a foliated rock in a general triaxial field of compressive stresses.” In Proc., Tectonophysics of Mining Areas, 209–232. Katowice: Uniwersytetu Ślaskiego.
Kwaśniewski, M. A., and K. Mogi. 2000. “Faulting in an anisotropic, schistose rock under general triaxial compression.” In Proc., 4th North Am. Rock Mech. Symp., 737–746. Rotterdam: Balkema.
Li, A., Y. Liu, F. Dai, K. Liu, and M. D. Wei. 2020. “Continuum analysis of the structurally controlled displacements for large-scale underground caverns in bedded rock masses.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 97: 103288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103288.
Li, X., K. Du, and D. Li. 2015. “True triaxial strength and failure modes of cubic rock specimens with unloading the minor principal stress.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48 (6): 2185–2196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0701-y.
Li, Z., G. Xu, P. Huang, X. Zhao, and Y. Fu. 2017. “Experimental study on anisotropic properties of silurian silty slates.” Geotech. Geol. Eng. 35 (2): 1755–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0206-z.
Meng, F., and C. Shi. 2017. “Some problems of deep mining in metal mine.” [In Chinese.] Non-Ferrous Min. Metall. 33 (5): 13–18.
Mogi, K. 2006. Experimental rock mechanics. London: Taylor and Francis.
Nasseri, M. H., K. S. Rao, and T. Ramamurthy. 1997. “Failure mechanism in schistose rocks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 34 (3–4): 219.e1–219.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1365-1609(97)00099-3.
Nasseri, M. H. B., K. S. Rao, and T. Ramamurthy. 2003. “Anisotropic strength and deformation behavior of Himalayan schists.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 40 (1): 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(02)00103-X.
Park, B., and K.-B. Min. 2015. “Bonded-particle discrete element modeling of mechanical behavior of transversely isotropic rock.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 76: 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.03.014.
Tien, Y. M., M. C. Kuo, and C. H. Juang. 2006. “An experimental investigation of the failure mechanism of simulated transversely isotropic rocks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 43 (8): 1163–1181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.03.011.
Wang, Z. C., Z. Zong, L. P. Qiao, and W. Li. 2018. “Elastoplastic model for transversely isotropic rocks.” Int. J. Geomech. 18 (2): 04017149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001070.
Wu, M. L., C. T. Miao, C. S. Zhang, and M. Y. Qu. 2004. “Research on in-situ stress measurement and its distribution law in hongtoushan copper mine.” [In Chinese.] Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 23 (23): 3943–3947.
Xu, G. W., C. He, A. Su, and Z. Q. Chen. 2018. “Experimental investigation of the anisotropic mechanical behavior of phyllite under triaxial compression.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 104: 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.02.017.
Yin, P.-F., and S.-Q. Yang. 2019. “Discrete element modeling of strength and failure behavior of transversely isotropic rock under uniaxial compression.” J. Geol. Soc. India. 93 (2): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-019-1158-0.
Zhou, Y.-Y., X.-T. Feng, D.-P. Xu, and Q.-X. Fan. 2016. “Experimental investigation of the mechanical behavior of bedded rocks and its implication for high sidewall caverns.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49 (9): 3643–3669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1018-9.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20 • Issue 11 • November 2020
Copyright
© 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 28, 2019
Accepted: Jun 16, 2020
Published online: Aug 19, 2020
Published in print: Nov 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Jan 19, 2021
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.