Time-Dependent Deformation Mechanism for Swelling Soft-Rock Tunnels in Coal Mines and Its Mathematical Deduction
Publication: International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20, Issue 3
Abstract
The floor heave and the inward movement of sidewalls are often encountered in the excavation of tunnels with swelling rock properties. However, the deformation mechanism for swelling soft-rock tunnels cannot be reasonably revealed even now. In this paper, a time-dependent deformation mechanism is investigated in depth and the viscoelastoplastic deformation is obtained using a nonassociated flow rule and the modified Nishihara model. The continuous degradation behaviors of soft rock induced by the intercoupling between the stressed-dilation and the physicochemical swelling is considered based on the humidity field theory and the Zhang three-dimensional (3D) Hoek-Brown yield criterion. The results show that the time-dependent deformation exhibited is unstable in the secondary creep stage and tends to increase inversely with the values of the Zhang 3D Hoek-Brown criterion parameters and the elastic modulus, while it increases directly with the values of the humidity swelling coefficients and the Poisson’s ratio. The substability creep behavior occurs earlier with decreasing the relaxation time. Furthermore, the sensitivity law of incorporated parameters corresponds well with their corresponding physical meaning and practical significance in this study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code generated or used during the study are available from the corresponding author by request, including the source data for Figs. 4–9.
Acknowledgments
The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51774147 and 51679093), the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. Z012002), and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2017J01094).
References
Alejano, L. R., and E. Alonso. 2005. “Considerations of the dilatancy angle in rocks and rock masses.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 42 (4): 481–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.01.003.
Barla, G., D. Debernardi, and D. Sterpi. 2012. “Time-dependent modeling of tunnels in squeezing conditions.” Int. J. Geomech. 12 (6): 697–710. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000163.
Barla, M. 2008. “Numerical simulation of the swelling behavior around tunnels based on special triaxial tests.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 23 (5): 508–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2007.09.002.
Berdugo, I. R., E. Alonso, and A. Ramon. 2013. “Extreme expansive phenomena in anhydritic-gypsiferous claystone: The case of Lilla tunnel.” Geotechnique 63 (7): 584–612. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.143.
Berdugo, I. R., E. E. Alonso, E. Romero, and A. Gens. 2009. “Tunnelling and swelling in Triassic sulphate-bearing rocks. Part I: Case studies from Baden-Württemberg.” Revista Epsilon (12): 1–17.
Bonini, M., D. Debernardi, M. Barla, and G. Barla. 2009. “The mechanical behaviour of clay shales and implications on the design of tunnels.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 42 (2): 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-007-0147-6.
Butscher, C., P. Huggenberger, E. Zechner, and H. H. Einstein. 2011. “Relation between hydrogeological setting and swelling potential of clay-sulfate rocks in tunneling.” Eng. Geol. 122 (3–4): 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.05.009.
Detournay, E. 1986. “Elastoplastic model of a deep tunnel for a rock with variable dilatancy.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 19 (2): 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01042527.
Einstein, H. H. 2000. “Tunnels in Opalinus Clayshale—A review of case histories and new developments.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 15 (1): 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00025-0.
Gao, X., T. Zhang, J. Zhou, S. M. Graham, M. Hayden, and C. Roe. 2011. “On stress-state dependent plasticity modeling: Significance of the hydrostatic stress, the third invariant of stress deviator and the non-associated flow rule.” Int. J. Plast. 27 (2): 217–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.05.004.
Gysel, M. 2002. “An hydrite dissolution phenomena: Three case histories of anhydrite karst caused by water tunnel operation.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 35 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s006030200006.
Hawlader, B. C., K. Y. Lo, and I. D. Moore. 2005. “Analysis of tunnels in shaly rock considering three-dimensional stress effects on swelling.” Can. Geotech. J. 42 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-083.
He, M. 2014. “Latest progress of soft rock mechanics and engineering in China.” J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 6 (3): 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.04.005.
Hongzhi, L. 1996. “A study on engineering-geochemistry in swelling soft rocks of coal mine, China.” Earth Sci. Front. 3 (1): 99–104.
Jiang, H., and Y. L. Xie. 2012. “A new three-dimensional Hoek-Brown strength criterion.” Acta Mech. Sinica 28 (2): 393–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-012-0054-2.
Kie, T. T. 1983. “Swelling rocks and the stability of tunnels.” In Proc., 5th International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) Int. Congress on Society for Rock Mechanics. Lisbon, Portugal: ISRM.
Lo, K. Y., and C. M. Yuen. 1981. “Design of tunnel lining in rock for long term time effects.” Can. Geotech. J. 18 (1): 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1139/t81-004.
Mao, D., B. Nilsen, and M. Lu. 2011. “Analysis of loading effects on reinforced shotcrete ribs caused by weakness zone containing swelling clay.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 26 (3): 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2011.01.004.
Miao, X., A. Lu, X. Mao, and D. Zhang. 2002. “Numerical simulation for roadways in swelling rock under coupling function of water and ground pressure.” J. China Univ. Min. Technol. 12 (2): 120–125.
Nakano, R., H. Shimizu, and S. Nishimura. 1996. “Cause of swelling phenomena in tunnelling and a proposal for a design procedure for a swelling tunnel.” Soils Found. 36 (4): 101–112. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.4_101.
Pan, X.-D., and E. T. Brown. 1996. “Influence of axial stress and dilatancy on rock tunnel stability.” J. Geotech. Eng. 122 (2): 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:2(139).
Park, K. H., and Y. J. Kim. 2006. “Analytical solution for a circular opening in an elastic–brittle–plastic rock.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 43 (4): 616–622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.11.004.
Priest, S. 2012. “Three-dimensional failure criteria based on the Hoek–Brown criterion.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45 (6): 989–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0277-3.
Sharifzadeh, M., A. Tarifard, and M. A. Moridi. 2013. “Time-dependent behavior of tunnel lining in weak rock mass based on displacement back analysis method.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 38 (Sep): 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.07.014.
Sun, X., D. Wang, J. Feng, C. Zhang, and Y. Chen. 2014. “Deformation control of asymmetric floor heave in a deep rock roadway: A case study.” Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 24 (6): 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2014.10.011.
Tang, S. B., and C. A. Tang. 2012. “Numerical studies on tunnel floor heave in swelling ground under humid conditions.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 55 (Oct): 139–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.07.007.
Tu, X. B., B. Jian, S. J. Wang, H. Y. Bian, J. Wang, and S. G. Li. 2005. “Swelling behavior induced by alteration in granite and its implications on underground excavation.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 20 (4): 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.01.003.
Wittke-Gattermann, P., and M. Wittke. 2004. “Computation of strains and pressures for tunnels in swelling rocks.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 19 (4–5): 422–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2004.02.040.
Xu, T., C.-A. Tang, and J. Zhao. 2012. “Modeling of rheological deformation of inhomogeneous rock and associated time-dependent response of tunnels.” Int. J. Geomech. 12 (2): 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000130.
Yang, W., Q. Zhang, S. Li, and S. Wang. 2014. “Time-dependent behavior of diabase and a nonlinear creep model.” Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 47 (4): 1211–1224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0478-4.
Yu, D., H. Yao, Z. Lu, and X. Luo. 2012. “Elastoplastic solutions to deep-buried circular tunnels in transversely isotropic rock masses considering intermediate principal stress.” Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 34 (10): 1850–1857.
Yuan, S. C., and J. P. Harrison. 2004. “An empirical dilatancy index for the dilatant deformation of rock.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 41 (4): 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2003.11.001.
Yuen, C. M. K. 1979. “Rock-structure time interaction in lined circular tunnels in high horizontal stress field.” Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Engineering Science, Univ. of Western Ontario.
Zhang, J. Z., and X. P. Zhou. 2017. “Time-dependent jamming mechanism for single-shield TBM tunneling in squeezing rock.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 69 (Oct): 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2017.06.020.
Zhang, J. Z., X. P. Zhou, and P. Yin. 2019. “Visco-plastic deformation analysis of rock tunnels based on fractional derivatives.” Tunnelling Underground Space Technol. 85 (Mar): 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.019.
Zhang, L., and H. Zhu. 2007. “Three-dimensional Hoek-Brown strength criterion for rocks.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 133 (9): 1128–1135. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2007)133:9(1128).
Zhao, X. G., and M. Cai. 2010. “A mobilized dilation angle model for rocks.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 47 (3): 368–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.12.007.
Zheng, X. G., M. Ji, and N. Zhang. 2012. “Rheological model of expansion rock considering humidity effect.” J. Chin. Coal Soc. 37 (3): 396–401.
Zhou, X., and A. Ghassemi. 2009. “Finite element analysis of coupled chemo-poro-thermo-mechanical effects around a wellbore in swelling shale.” Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 46 (4): 769–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.11.009.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
International Journal of Geomechanics
Volume 20 • Issue 3 • March 2020
Copyright
©2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 28, 2019
Accepted: Aug 13, 2019
Published online: Dec 20, 2019
Published in print: Mar 1, 2020
Discussion open until: May 20, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.