Simulation of Spatially Varying Seafloor Motions Using Onshore Earthquake Recordings
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 144, Issue 9
Abstract
Compared to the seismic motions recorded on the onshore sites, the quantity of offshore earthquake recordings is very limited. This paper presents a novel method to simulate spatially varying ground motions at multiple seafloor sites by using the more abundant onshore earthquake records. A pair of onshore and offshore seismic motions recorded in the same earthquake event is selected, and the onshore recording is employed as the predefined motion to simulate offshore seismic motions. The detailed information of the onshore and offshore sites beneath respective stations is collected, and the ground motion transfer functions are computed by including the effects of seawater and soil saturation on the seismic P wave propagation. Using the power spectral density (PSD) functions of the onshore recording and the onshore and offshore site transfer functions, the ground motion PSD functions on the offshore site are estimated, and the three-component seafloor seismic motions are synthesized. The basic characteristics of the synthesized seafloor motions are compared with the seafloor recording, and the feasibility of the proposed method is validated. Finally, the approach is further extended to the simulation of spatially varying seafloor motions by considering the spatial variation between the seafloor motions at various offshore sites. The effect of local offshore site on the lagged coherency of spatial seafloor motions is also investigated.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFC0701108) and the Australian Research Council Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (DE150100195). The onshore and offshore earthquake recordings provided by the US National Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data on their website are gratefully acknowledged. In addition, the authors are greatly indebted to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments.
References
Ancheta, T. D., et al. 2013. PEER NGA-West2 database. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Beskos, D. E. 1997. “Boundary element methods in dynamic analysis: Part II (1986-1996).” Appl. Mech. Rev. 50 (3): 149–197. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3101695.
Bi, K., and H. Hao. 2011. “Influence of irregular topography and random soil properties on coherency loss of spatial seismic ground motions.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 40 (9): 1045–1061. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1077.
Bi, K., and H. Hao. 2012. “Modelling and simulation of spatially varying earthquake ground motions at sites with varying conditions.” Probab. Eng. Mech. 29 (Jul): 92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2011.09.002.
Boore, D. M. 1997. Analysis of earthquake recordings obtained from the seafloor earthquake measurement system (SEMS) instruments deployed off the coast of southern California. Washington, DC: US Geological Survey.
Boore, D. M., and C. E. Smith. 1999. “Analysis of earthquake recordings obtained from the seafloor earthquake measurement system (SEMS) instruments deployed off the coast of southern California.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 89 (1): 260–274.
Boore, D. M., C. D. Stephens, and W. B. Joyner. 2002. “Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data: Examples from the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 92 (4): 1543–1560. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000926.
Chakraborty, A., and B. Basu. 2008. “Nonstationary response analysis of long span bridges under spatially varying differential support motions using continuous wavelet transform.” J. Eng. Mech. 134 (2): 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2008)134:2(155).
Chatzis, M. N., E. N. Chatzi, and A. W. Smyth. 2015. “An experimental validation of time domain system identification methods with fusion of heterogeneous data.” Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (4): 523–547.
Chen, B., D. Wang, H. Li, Z. Sun, and Y. Shi. 2015. “Characteristics of earthquake ground motion on the seafloor.” J. Earthq. Eng. 19 (6): 874–904. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1006344.
Crouse, C. B., and J. Quilter. 1991. “Seismic hazard analysis and development of design spectra for Maul A platform.” In Proc., Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 137–148. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Cua, G. B. 2005. “Creating the virtual seismologist: Developments in ground motion characterization and seismic early warning.” Ph.D. thesis, California Institute of Technology.
Deodatis, G. 1996a. “Non-stationary stochastic vector processes: Seismic ground motion applications.” Probab. Eng. Mech. 11 (3): 149–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-8920(96)00007-0.
Deodatis, G. 1996b. “Simulation of ergodic multivariate stochastic processes.” J. Eng. Mech. 122 (8): 778–787. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1996)122:8(778).
Der Kiureghian, A. 1996. “A coherency model for spatially varying ground motions.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 25 (1): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199601)25:1%3C99::AID-EQE540%3E3.0.CO;2-C.
Diao, H., J. Hu, and L. Xie. 2014. “Effect of seawater on incident plane P and SV waves at ocean bottom and engineering characteristics of offshore ground motion records off the coast of southern California, USA.” Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vib. 13 (2): 181–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-014-0222-4.
Gao, Y., Y. Wu, D. Li, H. Liu, and N. Zhang. 2012. “An improved approximation for the spectral representation method in the simulation of spatially varying ground motions.” Probab. Eng. Mech. 29 (Jul): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2011.12.001.
Hao, H. 1989. Effects of spatial variation of ground motions on large multiply-supported structures. Berkeley, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California.
Hao, H. 1994. “Ground-motion spatial variation effects on circular arch responses.” J. Eng. Mech. 120 (11): 2326–2341. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1994)120:11(2326).
Hao, H., and N. Chouw. 2006. “Modelling of earthquake ground motion spatial variation on uneven sites with varying soil conditions.” In Proc., 9th Int. Symp. on Structural Engineering for Young Experts, 79–85. Beijing: Science Press.
Hao, H., C. S. Oliveira, and J. Penzien. 1989. “Multiple-station ground motion processing and simulation based on SMART-1 array data.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 111 (3): 293–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(89)90241-0.
Harichandran, R. S., and E. H. Vanmarcke. 1986. “Stochastic variation of earthquake ground motion in space and time.” J. Eng. Mech. 112 (2): 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1986)112:2(154).
Hatzigeorgiou, G. D., and D. E. Beskos. 2010. “Soil-structure interaction effects on seismic inelastic analysis of 3-D tunnels.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 30 (9): 851–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.03.010.
Heredia-Zavoni, E., and S. Santa-Cruz. 2000. “Conditional simulation of a class of nonstationary space-time random fields.” J. Eng. Mech. 126 (4): 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:4(398).
Huang, D., and G. Wang. 2015. “Stochastic simulation of regionalized ground motions using wavelet packets and cokriging analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 44 (5): 775–794. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2487.
Konakli, K., and A. Der Kiureghian. 2012. “Simulation of spatially varying ground motions including incoherence, wave-passage and differential site-response effects.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 41 (3): 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1141.
Li, C., H. Hao, H. Li, and K. Bi. 2015. “Theoretical modeling and numerical simulation of seismic motions at seafloor.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 77 (Oct): 220–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.05.016.
Li, C., H. Hao, H. Li, K. Bi, and B. Chen. 2016. “Modeling and simulation of spatially correlated ground motions at multiple onshore and offshore sites.” J. Earthquake Eng. 21 (3): 359–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1172375.
Liao, S., and A. Zerva. 2006. “Physically compliant, conditionally simulated spatially variable seismic ground motions for performance-based design.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 35 (7): 891–919. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.562.
Liao, S., A. Zerva, and W. R. Stephenson. 2007. “Seismic spatial coherency at a site with irregular subsurface topography.” In Proc., Probabilistic Applications in Geotechnical Engineering, 1–10. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Liao, Z. P., and H. L. Wong. 1984. “A transmitting boundary for the numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 3 (4): 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(84)90033-0.
Lou, L., and A. Zerva. 2005. “Effects of spatially variable ground motions on the seismic response of a skewed, multi-span, RC highway bridge.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 25 (7): 729–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.11.016.
Massa, M., S. Lovati, E. D’Alema, G. Ferretti, and M. Bakavoli. 2010. “An experimental approach for estimating seismic amplification effects at the top of a ridge, and the implication for ground-motion predictions: The case of Narni, Central Italy.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 100 (6): 3020–3034. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090382.
Overschee, P. V., and B. D. Moor. 1994. “N4SID: Subspace algorithms for the identification of combined deterministic-stochastic systems.” Automatica 30 (1): 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(94)90230-5.
Rezaeian, S., and A. Der Kiureghian. 2010. “Simulation of synthetic ground motions for specified earthquake and site characteristics.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 39 (10): 1155–1180.
Şafak, E. 1995. “Discrete-time analysis of seismic site amplification.” J. Eng. Mech. 121 (7): 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1995)121:7(801).
Saxena, V., G. Deodatis, and M. Shinozuka. 2000. “Effect of spatial variation of earthquake ground motion on the nonlinear dynamic response of highway bridges.” In Proc., 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Silverstream, New Zealand: New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Semblat, J. F., A. M. Duval, and P. Dangla. 2002. “Seismic site effects in a deep alluvial basin: Numerical analysis by the boundary element method.” Comput. Geotech. 29 (7): 573–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(02)00017-4.
Shields, M. D. 2015. “Simulation of spatially correlated nonstationary response spectrum-compatible ground motion time histories.” J. Eng. Mech. 141 (6): 04014161. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000884.
Shinozuka, M. 1971. “Simulation of multivariate and multidimensional random processes.” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49 (1B): 357–368. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1912338.
Shinozuka, M., and G. Deodatis. 1991. “Simulation of stochastic processes by spectral representation.” Appl. Mech. Rev. 44 (4): 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3119501.
Shinozuka, M., and C. M. Jan. 1972. “Digital simulation of random processes and its applications.” J. Sound. Vib. 25 (1): 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-460X(72)90600-1.
Sleefe, G. E. 1990. “The long-term measurement of strong-motion earthquakes offshore southern California.” In Proc., 22nd Offshore Technology Conf., 561–568. Richardson, TX: OTC Publication.
Sobczky, K. 1991. Stochastic wave propagation. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Somerville, P. G., J. P. McLaren, M. K. Sen, and D. V. Helmberger. 1991. “The influence of site conditions on the spatial incoherence of ground motions.” Struct. Saf. 10 (1–3): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(91)90003-R.
Theodulidis, N. P., and P. Y. Bard. 1995. “Horizontal to vertical spectral ratio and geological conditions: An analysis of strong motion data from Greece and Taiwan (SMART-1).” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 14 (3): 177–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(94)00039-J.
Vanmarcke, E. H., and G. A. Fenton. 1991. “Conditioned simulation of local fields of earthquake ground motion.” Struct. Saf. 10 (1): 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(91)90018-5.
Vardoulakis, I., and D. E. Beskos. 1986. “Dynamic behavior of nearly saturated porous media.” Mech. Mater. 5 (1): 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(86)90017-7.
Wang, S., and H. Hao. 2002. “Effects of random variations of soil properties on site amplification of seismic ground motions.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 22 (7): 551–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00038-6.
Wang, Z., and A. Der Kiureghian. 2016. “Tail-equivalent linearization of inelastic multisupport structures subjected to spatially varying stochastic ground motion.” J. Eng. Mech. 142 (8): 04016053. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001106.
Welch, P. D. 1967. “The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms.” IEEE Trans. Audio. Electroacoust. 15 (2): 70–73. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAU.1967.1161901.
Wolf, J. P. 1985. Dynamic soil-structure interaction. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Wu, Y., Y. Gao, and D. Li. 2015. “Error assessment of multivariate random processes simulated by a conditional-simulation method.” J. Eng. Mech. 141 (5): 04014155. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000877.
Wu, Y., Y. Gao, N. Zhang, and D. Li. 2016. “Simulation of spatially varying ground motions in V-shaped symmetric canyons.” J. Earthquake Eng. 20 (6): 992–1010. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1010049.
Yang, J., and T. Sato. 2000. “Interpretation of seismic vertical amplification observed at an array site.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90 (2): 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990068.
Zerva, A. 2009. Spatial variation of seismic ground motions: Modeling and engineering applications. New York: CRC Press.
Zerva, A., and V. Zervas. 2002. “Spatial variation of seismic ground motions: An overview.” Appl. Mech. Rev. 55 (3): 271–297. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1458013.
Zhang, D., W. Liu, W. Xie, and M. D. Pandey. 2013. “Modeling of spatially correlated, site-reflected, and nonstationary ground motions compatible with response spectrum.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 55 (Dec): 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.08.002.
Zhao, C., and S. Valliappan. 1993. “Seismic wave scattering effects under different canyon topographic and geological conditions.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 12 (3): 129–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/0267-7261(93)90040-X.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
©2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 19, 2017
Accepted: Mar 29, 2018
Published online: Jun 29, 2018
Published in print: Sep 1, 2018
Discussion open until: Nov 29, 2018
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.