Stormwater Runoff Quality and Quantity from Permeable and Traditional Pavements in Semiarid South Texas
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 146, Issue 6
Abstract
Permeable pavements are often developed as alternatives to traditional pavement (TP) systems for the mitigation of urban stormwater runoff impairment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stormwater runoff and pollutant load-reduction performance of an enhanced permeable interlocking concrete pavement system with enlarged joints filled with gravel. This system was compared with an adjacent TP application located in La Feria, Texas. Both pavements were monitored for 2 years through a total of 65 storm events. Both pavement systems received some run-on stormwater flows from surrounding areas that included sediment and nutrients. Runoff volume was 80% lower than the TP. Furthermore, total suspended solids, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, and Escherichia coli exhibited average reductions of 76% for 23 samples, 56% for 19 samples, and 12% for 11 samples, respectively. Field data were used to develop a Windows Source Loading and Management Model (WinSLAMM) method, which was in good agreement with the observed values.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during the study are included in the published paper and its appendixes.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Non-Point Source Team for their support and funding for this work under TCEQ Contract No. 581-14-30049, and the project team including Tim Cawthon of TCEQ. They also wish to thank Brandon Dalton from C.C. Lynch & Associates, Inc.
References
Alam, T., A. Mahmoud, D. K. Jones, C. J. Bezares-Cruz, and J. Guerrero. 2019. “WinSLAMM simulation of hydrologic performance of permeable pavements—A case study in the semi-arid Lower Rio Grande Valley of South Texas, United States.” Water 11 (9): 1865. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091865.
ASTM. 2012. Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using modified effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)). ASTM D1557-12e1. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2018. Standard specification for solid concrete interlocking paving units. ASTM C936/C936M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Barrett, M. E. 2008. “Effects of a permeable friction course on highway runoff.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 134 (5): 646–651. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2008)134:5(646).
Barrett, M. E., P. Kearfott, and J. F. Malina. 2006. “Stormwater quality benefits of a porous friction course and its effect on pollutant removal by roadside shoulders.” Water Environ. Res. 78 (11): 2177–2185. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143005X82217.
Bean, E., W. Hunt, and D. Bidelspach. 2007. “Evaluation of four permeable pavement sites in eastern North Carolina for runoff reduction and water quality impacts.” J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 133 (6): 583–592. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:6(583).
Blick, S. A., F. Kelly, and J. J. Skupien. 2004. New Jersey stormwater best management practices manual. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection.
Borris, M., G. Leonhardt, J. Marsalek, H. Österlund, and M. Viklander. 2016. “Source-based modeling of urban stormwater quality response to the selected scenarios combining future changes in climate and socio-economic factors.” Environ. Manage. 58 (2): 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0705-3.
Braswell, A. S., A. R. Anderson, and W. F. Hunt. 2018a. “Hydrologic and water quality evaluation of a permeable pavement and biofiltration device in series.” Water 10 (1): 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010033.
Braswell, A. S., R. J. Winston, and W. F. Hunt. 2018b. “Hydrologic and water quality performance of permeable pavement with internal water storage over a clay soil in Durham, North Carolina.” J. Environ. Manage. 224 (Oct): 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.040.
Brattebo, B. O., and D. B. Booth. 2003. “Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems.” Water Res. 37 (18): 4369–4376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00410-X.
Brown, J. A., C. D. Bell, T. S. Hogue, C. P. Higgins, and W. R. Selbig. 2019. “An integrated statistical and deterministic hydrologic model for analyzing trace organic contaminants in commercial and high-density residential stormwater runoff.” Sci. Total Environ. 673 (Jun): 656–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.327.
Chow, M. F., Z. Yusop, and M. E. Toriman. 2012. “Modelling runoff quantity and quality in tropical urban catchments using storm water management model.” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9 (4): 737–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0092-0.
Collins, K. A., W. F. Hunt, and J. M. Hathaway. 2010a. “Side-by-side comparison of nitrogen species removal for four types of permeable pavement and standard asphalt in Eastern North Carolina.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 15 (6): 512–521. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000139.
Collins, K. A., T. J. Lawrence, E. K. Stander, R. J. Jontos, S. S. Kaushal, T. A. Newcomer, N. B. Grimm, and M. L. Cole Ekberg. 2010b. “Opportunities and challenges for managing nitrogen in urban stormwater: A review and synthesis.” Ecol. Eng. 36 (11): 1507–1519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.03.015.
Dennis, W., W. Mendenhall, and R. L. Scheaffer. 2014. Mathematical statistics with applications. 7th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Dorman, T., M. Frey, J. Wright, B. Wardynski, J. Smith, B. Tucker, J. Riverson, A. Teague, and K. Bishop. 2013. San Antonio river basin low impact development technical design guidance manual, v1. San Antonio: San Antonio River Authority.
Dotto, C. B. S., M. Kleidorfer, A. Deletic, W. Rauch, and D. T. McCarthy. 2014. “Impacts of measured data uncertainty on urban stormwater models.” J. Hydrol. 508 (Jan): 28–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.10.025.
Dotto, C. B. S., G. Mannina, M. Kleidorfer, L. Vezzaro, M. Henrichs, D. T. McCarthy, G. Freni, W. Rauch, and A. Deletic. 2012. “Comparison of different uncertainty techniques in urban stormwater quantity and quality modeling.” Water Res. 46 (8): 2545–2558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.009.
Drake, J., A. Bradford, and T. Van Seters. 2014. “Stormwater quality of spring–summer-fall effluent from three partial-infiltration permeable pavement systems and conventional asphalt pavement.” J. Environ. Manage. 139 (Jun): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.056.
Drake, J. A. P., A. Bradford, and J. Marsalek. 2013. “Review of environmental performance of permeable pavement systems: State of the knowledge.” Water Qual. Res. J. Can. 48 (3): 203. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.055.
Eckart, K., Z. McPhee, and T. Bolisetti. 2017. “Performance and implementation of low impact development—A review.” Sci. Total Environ. 607–608 (Dec): 413–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.254.
Fassman, E. A., and S. Blackbourn. 2010. “Permeable pavement performance over 3 years of monitoring.” In Proc., Low Impact Development Int. Conf. (LID) 2010, 152–165. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Flores, J., J. A. Benavides, and T. Cawthon. 2017. Update to the Arroyo Colorado watershed protection plan. College Station, TX: Texas Water Resources Institute.
Haddad, K., P. Egodawatta, A. Rahman, and A. Goonetilleke. 2013. “Uncertainty analysis of pollutant build-up modelling based on a Bayesian weighted least squares approach.” Sci. Total Environ. 449 (Apr): 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.086.
Hernandez, E. A., and V. Uddameri. 2014. “Standardized precipitation evaporation index (SPEI)-based drought assessment in semi-arid south Texas.” Environ. Earth Sci. 71 (6): 2491–2501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2897-7.
Huang, J., J. He, C. Valeo, and A. Chu. 2016. “Temporal evolution modeling of hydraulic and water quality performance of permeable pavements.” J. Hydrol. 533 (Feb): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.042.
Jayasooriya, V. M., and A. W. M. Ng. 2014. “Tools for modeling of stormwater management and economics of green infrastructure practices: A review.” Water Air Soil Pollut. 225 (8): 2055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2055-1.
Kamali, M., M. Delkash, and M. Tajrishy. 2017. “Evaluation of permeable pavement responses to urban surface runoff.” J. Environ. Manage. 187 (Feb): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.027.
Kaykhosravi, S., U. T. Khan, and A. Jadidi. 2018. “A comprehensive review of low impact development models for research, conceptual, preliminary and detailed design applications.” Water 10 (11): 1541. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111541.
Kia, A., H. S. Wong, and C. R. Cheeseman. 2017. “Clogging in permeable concrete: A review.” J. Environ. Manage. 193 (May): 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.018.
Kuruppu, U., A. Rahman, and M. A. Rahman. 2019. “Permeable pavement as a stormwater best management practice: A review and discussion.” Environ. Earth Sci. 78 (10): 327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8312-2.
Kwiatkowski, M., A. L. Welker, R. G. Traver, M. Vanacore, and T. Ladd. 2007. “Evaluation of an infiltration best management practice utilizing pervious concrete.” J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 43 (5): 1208–1222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00104.x.
LRGV and QAPP (Lower Rio Grande Valley and Quality Assurance Project Plan). 2012. Lower Rio Grande Valley low-impact development implementation and education quality assurance project plan. Kingsville, TX: Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment, Environmental Engineering Dept., Texas A&M Univ.-Kingsville.
Maestre, A., and R. Pitt, 2005. “The national stormwater quality database (NSQD, version 1.1). Tuscaloosa, AL: Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Alabama.
Mahmoud, A., T. Alam, A. Yeasir, M. Rahman, A. Sanchez, J. Guerrero, and K. D. Jones. 2019. “Evaluation of field-scale stormwater bioretention structure flow and pollutant load reductions in a semi-arid coastal climate.” Ecol. Eng. 1 (Jun): 100007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoena.2019.100007.
Mourad, M., J.-L. Bertrand-Krajewski, and G. Chebbo. 2005. “Calibration and validation of multiple regression models for stormwater quality prediction: Data partitioning, effect of dataset size and characteristics.” Water Sci. Technol. 52 (3): 45–52. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0060.
Newman, A. P., C. J. Pratt, S. J. Coupe, and N. Cresswell. 2002. “Oil bio-degradation in permeable pavements by microbial communities.” Water Sci. Technol. 45 (7): 51–56. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0116.
Niu, Z.-G., Z.-W. Lv, Y. Zhang, and Z.-Z. Cui. 2016. “Stormwater infiltration and surface runoff pollution reduction performance of permeable pavement layers.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (3): 2576–2587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5466-7.
Pagotto, C., M. Legret, and P. Le Cloirec. 2000. “Comparison of the hydraulic behaviour and the quality of highway runoff water according to the type of pavement.” Water Res. 34 (18): 4446–4454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00221-9.
Peng, J., Y. Cao, M. A. Rippy, A. R. M. N. Afrooz, and S. B. Grant. 2016. “Indicator and pathogen removal by low impact development best management practices.” Water 8 (12): 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8120600.
Pitt, R. 2008. Calibration of WinSLAMM. Tuscaloosa, AL: PV Associates.
Pitt, R., and J. Voorhees. 2002. “SLAMM, the source loading and management model.” In Wet-weather flow in the urban watershed: Technology and management: National Conf. on Urban Runoff Management: Enhancing Urban Watershed Management at the Local, County, and State Levels, 103–139. Chicago: USEPA.
Pradhan-Salike, I., and J. R. Pokharel. 2017. “Impact of urbanization and climate change on urban flooding: A case of the Kathmandu Valley.” J. Nat. Resour. Dev. 7: 56–66. https://doi.org/10.5027/jnrd.v7i0.07.
PSI (Professional Service Industry). 2010. Geotechnical engineering service report. Harlingen, TX: PSI.
Radwan, M., P. Willems, A. El-Sadek, and J. Berlamont. 2003. “Modelling of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand in river water using a detailed and a simplified model.” Int. J. River Basin Manage. 1 (2): 97–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2003.9635196.
Roseen, R. M., T. P. Ballestero, J. J. Houle, J. F. Briggs, and K. M. Houle. 2012. “Water quality and hydrologic performance of a porous asphalt pavement as a storm-water treatment strategy in a cold climate.” J. Environ. Eng. 138 (1): 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000459.
Rushton, B. T. 2001. “Low-impact parking lot design reduces runoff and pollutant loads.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 127 (3): 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:3(172).
Sansalone, J., and Z. Teng. 2004. “In situ partial exfiltration of rainfall runoff. I: Quality and quantity attenuation.” J. Environ. Eng. 130 (9): 990–1007. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:9(990).
Scholz, M., and P. Grabowiecki. 2007. “Review of permeable pavement systems.” Build. Environ. 42 (11): 3830–3836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.11.016.
SM BOD (Standard Methods Biochemical Oxygen Demand). 2018. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 5210 BOD. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
SM Coliform. 2018. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 9223 Enzyme Substrate Coliform Test (2017). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
SM (Standard Methods) Solids. 2018. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 2540 SOLIDS (2017). Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
TCEQ (Texas Commission on Environmental Quality). 2004. Arroyo Colorado tidal, Texas water quality inventory. Austin, TX: TCEQ.
Tota-Maharaj, K., and M. Scholz. 2010. “Efficiency of permeable pavement systems for the removal of urban runoff pollutants under varying environmental conditions.” Environ. Prog. Sustainable Energy 29 (3): 358–369. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10418.
Velásquez, R. A., 2018. “Application of WinSLAMM to evaluate the effect of green infrastructure implementation in Northern Utah.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Utah State Univ.
Voorhees, J., and R. Pitt. 2013. WinSLAMM version 10 runoff volume, total suspended solids and other pollutant calculations and regional calibration files. Tuscaloosa, AL: PV Associates.
Weiss, P. T., M. Kayhanian, J. S. Gulliver, and L. Khazanovich. 2019. “Permeable pavement in northern North American urban areas: Research review and knowledge gaps.” Int. J. Pavement Eng. 20 (2): 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1279482.
Welker, A. L., J. D. Barbis, and P. A. Jeffers. 2012. “A side-by-side comparison of pervious concrete and porous asphalt.” J. Am. Water Res. Assoc. 48 (4): 809–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00654.x.
Winston, R. J., K. M. Davidson-Bennett, K. M. Buccier, and W. F. Hunt. 2016a. “Seasonal variability in stormwater quality treatment of permeable pavements situated over heavy clay and in a cold climate.” Water Air Soil Pollut. 227 (5): 140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-2839-6.
Winston, R. J., J. D. Dorsey, and W. F. Hunt. 2016b. “Quantifying volume reduction and peak flow mitigation for three bioretention cells in clay soils in northeast Ohio.” Sci. Total Environ. 553 (May): 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.081.
Xie, N., M. Akin, and X. Shi. 2019. “Permeable concrete pavements: A review of environmental benefits and durability.” J. Cleaner Prod. 210 (Feb): 1605–1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.134.
Young, B. N., J. M. Hathaway, W. A. Lisenbee, and Q. He. 2018. “Assessing the runoff reduction potential of highway swales and WinSLAMM as a predictive tool.” Sustainability 10 (8): 2871. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082871.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 146 • Issue 6 • June 2020
Copyright
©2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 10, 2019
Accepted: Oct 7, 2019
Published online: Mar 27, 2020
Published in print: Jun 1, 2020
Discussion open until: Aug 27, 2020
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.