Technical Papers
Apr 29, 2019

Evaluation of Common Granular Activated Carbon Parameters for Trace Contaminant Removal

Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 145, Issue 7

Abstract

It is well understood what properties of activated carbon are mostly responsible for removal of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) because MIB is a commonly studied trace organic contaminant. Five commercially available granular activated carbons (GACs) were evaluated for MIB removal using rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs). MIB breakthrough curves were examined and showed that a chemically activated wood-based carbon outperformed bituminous and lignite-based activated carbons. However, GAC parameters often included in purchasing decisions did not correlate with MIB removal. Therefore, the best method for selecting GAC is performance-based testing.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Acknowledgments

This material is based on work supported by the Florida Education Fund McKnight Fellowship program and an Alfred P. Sloan scholarship [Minority Ph.D. Program (MPHD)]. We thank Gainesville Regional Utilities, Calgon Carbon, Norit, and Mead WestVaco for supporting the goals of this research by donating water and GAC samples. Special thanks to Rick Loftis at Engineering Performance Solutions (EPS) for the use of his lab space and analytical equipment throughout the course of this work.

References

ASTM. 2011. Standard test method for determination of contact pH with activated carbon. ASTM D6851. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2014. Standard test method for determination of iodine number of activated carbon. ASTM D4607. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. 2016. Standard specification for woven wire test sieve cloth and test sieves. ASTM E11. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 1996. Standard for powdered activated carbon. B600. Denver: AWWA.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2016. Standard for powdered activated carbon. B600. Denver: AWWA.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2018. Standard for granular activated carbon. B604. Denver: AWWA.
Bach, M. T., and D. W. Mazyck. 2007. “Strategies for overcoming pH excursions for reactivated granular activated carbon: Air and carbon dioxide treatments.” Environ. Eng. Sci. 24 (9): 1266–1272. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.0214.
Bansal, R. C., and M. Goyal. 2005. Activated carbon adsorption. New York: CRC Press.
Bertone, E., C. Chang, P. Thiel, and K. O’Halloran. 2018. “Analysis and modelling of powdered activated carbon dosing for taste and odour removal.” Water Res. 139 (Aug): 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.023.
Chen, G., B. W. Dussert, and I. H. Suffet. 1997. “Evaluation of granular activated carbons for removal of methylisoborneol to below odor threshold concentration in drinking water.” Water Res. 31 (5): 1155–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00362-4.
Chestnutt, T. E., Jr., M. T. Bach, and D. W. Mazyck. 2007. “Improvement of thermal reactivation of activated carbon for the removal of 2-methylisoborneol.” Water Res. 41 (1): 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.09.010.
Chudyk, W. A., V. L. Snoeyink, D. Beckmann, and T. J. Temperly. 1979. “Activated carbon versus resin adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol and chloroform.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 71 (9): 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1979.tb04409.x.
Considine, R., R. Denoyel, P. Pendleton, R. Schumann, and S. H. Wong. 2001. “The influence of surface chemistry on activated carbon adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol from aqueous solution.” Colloids Surf., A 179 (2–3): 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00647-6.
Coughlin, R. W., and F. S. Ezra. 1968. “Role of surface acidity in the adsorption of organic pollutants on the surface of carbon.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 2 (4): 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1021/es60016a002.
Crittenden, J. C., J. K. Berrigan, and D. W. Hand. 1986. “Design of rapid small-scale adsorption tests for a constant diffusivity.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 58 (4): 312–319. https://doi.org/10.2307/25042907.
Crittenden, J. C., J. K. Berrigan, D. W. Hand, and B. Lykins. 1987. “Design of rapid fixed-bed adsorption tests for nonconstant diffusivities.” J. Environ. Eng. 113 (2): 243–259. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1987)113:2(243).
Faruqi, A., M. Henderson, R. K. Henderson, R. Stuetz, B. Gladman, B. McDowall, and A. Zamyadi. 2018. “Removal of algal taste and odour compounds by granular and biological activated carbon in full-scale water treatment plants.” Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply 18 (5): ws2018001. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.001.
Gillogly, T. E., V. L. Snoeyink, J. C. Vogel, C. M. Wilson, and E. P. Royal. 1999. “Determining GAC bed life.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 91 (8): 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08687.x.
Goins, K. M. 2000. “The removal of tastes and odors in drinking water using granular activated carbon.” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State Univ.
Ho, L., and G. Newcombe. 2010. “Granular activated carbon adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB): Pilot- and laboratory-scale evaluations.” J. Environ. Eng. 136 (9): 965–974. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000231.
Kasaoka, S., Y. Sakata, E. Tanaka, and R. Naitoh. 1989. “Design of molecular-sieve carbon: Studies on the adsorption of various dyes in the liquid phase.” Int. Chem. Eng. 29 (4): 734–742.
Li, L., P. A. Quinlivan, and D. R. Knappe. 2002. “Effects of activated carbon surface chemistry and pore structure on the adsorption of organic contaminants from aqueous solution.” Carbon 40 (12): 2085–2100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00069-6.
MacLeod, B. W., and M. R. Simpson. 1993. “Relationships between powdered activated carbon performance for Geosmin and 2-methylisobomeol removal and common physical/adsorption indices.” In Proc., AWWA WQTC. Denver: AWWA.
MacKenzie, J., M. Tennant, and D. Mazyck. 2005. “Tailored GAC for the effective control of 2-Methylisoborneol.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 97 (6): 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb10914.x.
Mackey, E. D., I. H. Suffet, S. D. J. Booth. 2013. “A decision tool for earthy/musty taste and odor control [Project #3032].” Water Research Foundation. Accessed August 14, 2016. http://www.waterrf.org/ExecutiveSummaryLibrary/3032_ProjectSummary.pdf.
McGuire, M. J., and I. H. Suffet. 1984. “Aqueous chlorine/activated carbon interactions.” J. Environ. Eng. 110 (3): 629–645. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1984)110:3(629).
Montgomery, J. 1985. Water treatment principles and design. New York: Wiley.
Newcombe, G., M. Drikas, and R. Hayes. 1997. “Influence of characterised natural organic matter on activated carbon adsorption. II: Effect on pore volume distribution and adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol.” Water Res. 31 (5): 1065–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(96)00325-9.
Nowack, K. O., F. S. Cannon, and D. W. Mazyck. 2004. “Enhancing activated carbon adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol: Methane and steam treatments.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (1): 276–284. https://doi.org/10.1021/es026397j.
Pendleton, P., S. H. Wong, R. Schumann, G. Levay, R. Denoyel, and J. Rouquerol. 1997. “Properties of activated carbon controlling 2-methylisoborneol adsorption.” Carbon 35 (8): 1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(97)00086-9.
Poddar, M., A. B. Nair, and A. B. Mahindrakar. 2013. “A review on the use of rapid small scale column test (RSSCT) on predicting adsorption of various contaminants.” IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 3 (1): 77–85. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-0317785.
Radovic, L. R., C. Moreno-Castilla, and J. Rivera-Utrilla. 2001. “Carbon materials as adsorbents in aqueous solutions.” In Chemistry and physics of carbon, 227–406. New York: Dekker.
Smith, K. M. 2011. “Characterization of activated carbon for taste and odour control.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto.
Snoeyink, V. L., R. R. Clark, J. J. McCreary, and W. F. McHie. 1981. “Organic compounds produced by the aqueous free-chlorine-activated carbon reaction.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 15 (2): 188–192. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00084a002.
Snyder, S. A., S. Adham, A. M. Redding, F. S. Cannon, J. DeCarolis, J. Oppenheimer, E. C. Wert, and Y. Yoon. 2007. “Role of membranes and activated carbon in the removal of endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals.” Desalination 202 (1–3): 156–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.12.052.
Sontheimer, H., J. C. Crittenden, and R. S. Summers. 1988. Activated carbon for water treatment. Denver: American Water Works Association.
Summers, R. S., S. M. Hooper, G. Solarik, D. M. Owen, and S. Hong. 1995. “Bench-scale evaluation of GAC for NOM control.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 87 (8): 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1995.tb06412.x.
Summers, R. S., S. M. Kim, K. Shimabuku, S. H. Chae, and C. J. Corwin. 2013. “Granular activated carbon adsorption of MIB in the presence of dissolved organic matter.” Water Res. 47 (10): 3507–3513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.054.
Tennant, M. F., and D. W. Mazyck. 2007. “The role of surface acidity and pore size distribution in the adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol via powdered activated carbon.” Carbon 45 (4): 858–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.11.009.
Tessmer, C. H., R. D. Vidic, and L. J. Uranowski. 1997. “Impact of oxygen-containing surface functional groups on activated carbon adsorption of phenols.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 (7): 1872–1878. https://doi.org/10.1021/es960474r.
Valcarce, C. O., E. W. Gonzaga, and D. W. Mazyck. 2017. “Evaluating the efficacy of PAC and water parameters to remove trace organics.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 109 (3): E50–E60. https://doi.org/10.5942/jawwa.2017.109.0012.
Zhang, X. 2008. “Selecting activated carbon for micropollutant removal in drinking water treatment: Trace capacity number test.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil and Mineral Engineering, Univ. of Toronto.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Environmental Engineering
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 145Issue 7July 2019

History

Received: Aug 26, 2017
Accepted: Oct 22, 2018
Published online: Apr 29, 2019
Published in print: Jul 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Sep 29, 2019

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Sanaa Jaman [email protected]
Graduate Student, Environmental Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Florida, 314 AP Black Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611. Email: [email protected]
Graduate Student, Environmental Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Florida, 314 AP Black Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 (corresponding author). ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8268-7867. Email: [email protected]
David W. Mazyck [email protected]
Professor, Environmental Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Florida, 312 AP Black Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611. Email: [email protected]

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share