Ferrate and Alkaline Chlorination Treatment of Cyanide-Heavy Metal Maritime Wastewater
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139, Issue 5
Abstract
Ferrate [Fe(VI)] and alkaline chlorination (AC) were investigated for the treatment of a maritime wastewater (CN, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in a seawater matrix. AC reduced CN concentrations but large dosages were required (0.018–0.056 mol CN consumed/mol HOCl). Metal removal occurred during the first stage () but the amount of sludge produced was large due to formation. Fe(VI) was effective in oxidizing CN and removing heavy metals to low levels without pH adjustment. Fe(VI) requirements [] were higher than those observed for other wastes but are considered more manageable compared with HOCl. Metal removal occurred by adsorption and coprecipitation with Fe(III) oxide, which results from the oxidation of Fe(VI). During staged treatment, metal removal and CN destruction increased [2× for Cd, 3× for Cu, 2.7× for Ni, 0.12 to 0.18 mol CN consumed/mol Fe(VI)]. Fe(III) oxide was relatively easy to separate using ultrafiltration tubular membranes and the amount of sludge produced is much less than what would occur with AC. The Fe(III) oxide was separated using ultrafiltration with the amount of sludge produced much less than AC.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Bendick, J., Reed, B. E., Harasti, T., and Hertel, W. (2012). “Treatment of naval wastewaters using a high shear rotary and tubular membrane system.” J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste (in press).
Chang, T. K., and Peters, R. W. (1985). “Removal of cadmium from contaminated groundwaters through coprecipitation and adsorption in lime softening operations.” Proc., 17th Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conf., Vol. 17, Technomic Publishing Co, Lancaster, PA, 455–474.
Costarramone, N., Kneip, A., and Castetbon, A. (2004). “Ferrate(VI) oxidation of cyanide in water.” Environ. Technol., 25(8), 945–955.
Dzombak, D. A., Gosh, R. S., and Wong-Chong, G. M. (2006). Cyanide in water and soil: Chemistry, risk and management, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Dzombak, D. A., and Morel, F. M. M. (1990). Surface complexation modeling: Hydrous ferric oxide, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Filip, J. F., et al. (2011). “Mechanisms and efficiency of the simultaneous removal of metals and cyanides by using ferrate(VI): Crucial roles of nanocrystalline iron(III) oxyhydroxides and metal carbonates 2011.” Chemistry, 17(36), 10097–10105.
HACH. (2011). Water Analysis Handbook, 5th Ed., Loveland, CO.
Jiang, J. Q., and Lloyd, B. (2002). “Progress in the development and use of ferrate(VI) salt as an oxidant and coagulant for water and wastewater treatment.” Water Res., 36(6), 1397–1408.
Lee, D. G., and Gai, H. (1993). “Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of alcohols by ferrate ion.” Can J. Chem., 71(9), 1394–1400.
Lee, Y., Cho, M., Kim, J. K., and Yoon, J. (2004). “Chemistry of ferrate (Fe(VI)) in aqueous solution and its applications as a green chemical.” J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 10(1), 161–171.
Schreyer, J. M., and Ockerman, L. T. (1951). “Stability of the ferrate(VI) ion in aqueous solution.” Anal. Chem., 23(9), 1312–1314.
Shand, M. A. (2006). The chemistry and technology of magnesia, Wiley, New York.
Sharma, V. K. (2003). “Destruction of cyanide and thiocyanate by ferrate [Iron(VI)].” Eur. J. Min. Process. Environ. Prot., 3(3), 301–308.
Sharma, V. K. (2011). “Oxidation of inorganic contaminants by ferrates (VI, V, and IV)-kinetics and mechanisms: A review.” J. Environ. Manage., 92(4), 1051–1073.
Sharma, V. K., Burnett, C. R., Yngard, R., and Cabelli, D. (2005a). “Iron(VI) oxidation of copper(I) cyanide.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 39(10), 3849–3854.
Sharma, V. K., Kazama, F., Jiangyong, H., and Ray, A. (2005b). “Ferrates (iron(VI) and iron(V)): Environmentally friendly oxidants and disinfectants.” J. Water Health, 3(1), 45–58.
Sharma, V. K., Rivera, W., Smith, J. O., and O'Brien, B. (1998). “Ferrate(VI) oxidation of aqueous cyanide.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(17), 2608–2613.
Sharma, V. K., Yngard, R. A., Cabelli, D. E, and Baum, J. C. (2008). “Ferrate(VI) and ferrate(V) oxidation of cyanide, thiocyanate, and copper(I) cyanide 2008.” Radiat. Phys. Chem., 77(6), 761–767.
Tiwari, D., et al. (2007). “Ferrate(VI): A green chemical for the oxidation of cyanide in aqueous/waste solutions.” J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A, 42(6), 803–810.
Waite, T. D., and Gray, K. A. (1984). “Oxidation and coagulation of wastewater effluent utilizing ferrate (VI) ion.” Stud. Environ. Sci., 23, 407–420.
Yngard, R. A., Damrongsiri, S., Osathaphan, K., and Sharma, V. K. (2007). “Ferrate(VI) oxidation of zinc-cyanide complex.” Chemosphere, 69, 729–735.
Yngard, R. A., Sharma, V. K., Filip, J., and Zboril, R. (2008). “Ferrate(VI) oxidation of weak-acid dissociable cyanide.”Envrion. Sci. Tech., 42(8), 3005–3010.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 139 • Issue 5 • May 2013
Pages: 661 - 666
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Apr 17, 2012
Accepted: Nov 5, 2012
Published online: Nov 7, 2012
Published in print: May 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.