Contribution of Oxides, Salt, and Carbonate to the Sonication of Some Hydrophobic Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Toxicity in Petrochemical Industry Wastewater in İzmir, Turkey
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 137, Issue 11
Abstract
The effects of increasing sonication time (60–150 min), calcium chloride (; ), ferrous oxide (FeO; ), aluminium oxide (; ), and () on the destruction of six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and acute toxicity in a petrochemical industry wastewater in Izmir (Turkey) were investigated at a sonication intensity and a frequency of and 35 kHz, respectively. The contribution of to the yields in more hydrophobic PAHs [(benz[a]pyrene (BaP) and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP)] was low (6–8%), whereas it was high (21–26%) in less hydrophobic PAHs [acenaphthene (ACT), fluoranthene (FL), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benz[k]fluoranthene (BkF)] at 30°C after 150 min sonication. suppressed the removal of less hydrophobic PAHs (90–96%) although it did not contribute to the yields of more hydrophobic PAHs at 30°C after 150 min sonication. and FeO increased both less () and more () hydrophobic PAH yields. The reason for the decrease in BkF and BaA yields at long sonication time (150 min) was the reformation of these PAHs from their by-products namely, -hydroxybenzoic acid, benzoic acid, Fluoranthene (FL), and Anthracene (ANT). Hydroxylation is the major process for complete sono-degradation of less hydrophobic ACT, FL, BaA, and BkF, whereas the pyrolytic process is the major path for complete degradation of BaP and IcdP. The maximum acute toxicity removal (98%) was provided by , , FeO, and after 150 min of sonication time at 30°C.
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Acknowledgments
This research study was undertaken in the environmental microbiology laboratory at Dokuz Eylül University Engineering Faculty, Environmental Engineering Department, Izmir, Turkey. The authors would like to thank this body for financial support. Furthermore, we are grateful to Prof. Dr. Mustafa Odabaşı, expert environmental engineer Eylem Dumanoğlu, and environmental engineer Oğuzhan Gök for their support with the sample preparation and analysis of the PAHs.
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Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 137 • Issue 11 • November 2011
Pages: 1012 - 1025
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 10, 2010
Accepted: May 17, 2011
Published online: May 18, 2011
Published in print: Nov 1, 2011
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