Bromate Formation by Ozone-VUV in Comparison with Ozone and Ozone-UV: Effects of pH, Ozone Dose, and VUV Power
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 137, Issue 3
Abstract
The formation of bromate by ozone–vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) () process in comparison with ozone and ozone-ultraviolet (UV) (254 nm) processes of coagulated and softened water was studied. The effects of pH (7, 9, and 11), ozone dosage (1, 2, and 4 mg C), and VUV power (30, 60, and 120 W) were investigated. Bromate concentrations formed by the ozone-VUV process were up to four and six times less than those by the ozone and ozone-UV processes, respectively. Among the variables studied, ozone dosage had the most effect on bromate formation by the ozone-VUV process. Approximately 64 and 213% increases of bromate concentration were observed when the ozone dosage was increased from 1 to 2 and 4 mg C with VUV power of 120 W at pH 7. The bromate formation also increased as VUV power and pH increased. Hydroxyl radical exposure had a positive relationship with ozone dosage and bromate formation. Results further indicated that it might be difficult to achieve the drinking water standard for bromate and high organic matter removal concurrently.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to thank the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant at Moorhead, Minnesota, for providing the facility to conduct this research. The writers also would like to acknowledge Gena Dahl from the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant, and Patti Hosler Duray and Matthew Amundson from the Fargo Water Treatment Plant, Fargo, North Dakota, for their help on bromate and bromide analyses. Special thanks to Zachary Maruska, Civil Engineering Dept., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, North Dakota, for his assistance with analysis.
References
Amat, A. M., Arques, A., Miranda, M. A., and Lopez, F. (2005). “Use of ozone and/or UV in the treatment of effluents from board paper industry.” Chemosphere, 60(8), 1111–1117.
Amy, G., Siddiqui, M., Zhai, W., and Debroux, J. (1994). “Survey on bromide in drinking water and impacts on DBP formation.” Rep. No. 90662, American Water Work Association, Denver.
American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Environment Federation (WEF). (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th Ed., American Public Health AssociationWashington, DC.
Beltran, F. J., Ovejero, G., Garcia-Araya, J. F., and Rivas, J. (1995). “Oxidation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in water. 2. UV radiation and ozonation in the presence of UV radiation.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 34(5), 1607–1615.
Chang, E., Chiang, P., and Li, I. (2007). “Reduction of low-MW model compounds by ozonation and processes.” Pract. Period. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste Manage., 11(1), 20–27.
Chin, A., and Berube, P. R. (2005). “Removal of disinfection by-product precursors with ozone-UV advanced oxidation process.” Water Res., 39(10), 2136–2144.
Collivignarelli, C., and Sorlini, S. (2004). “AOPs with ozone and UV radiation in drinking water: contaminants removal and effects on disinfection byproducts formation.” Water Sci. Technol., 49(4), 51–56.
Galey, C., Gatel, D., Amy, G., and Cavard, J. (2000). “Comparative assessment of bromate control options.” Ozone Sci. Eng., 22(3), 267–278.
Garoma, T., and Gurol, M. D. (2004). “Degradation of tert-butyl alcohol in dilute aqueous solution by an process.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(19), 5246–5252.
Gong, J., Lui, Y., and Sun, X. (2008). “ and oxidation of organic constituents of biotreated municipal wastewater.” Water Res., 42(4-5), 1238–1244.
Hatchard, C. G., and Parker, C. A. (1956). “A new sensitive chemical actinometer. II: Potassium ferrioxalate as a standard chemical actinometer.” Proc. R. Soc. A, 235(1203), 518–536.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1999). Potassium bromate (summary of data reported and evaluation), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Jarvis, P., Parsons, S., and Smith, R. (2007). “Modeling of bromate formation during the ozonation.” Ozone Sci. Eng., 29(6), 429–442.
Kruithof, J. C., Meijers, R. T., and Schippers, J. C. (1993). “Formation, restriction of formation and removal of bromate.” Water Supp., 11, 331–342.
Ku, Y., Hung, J., and Wang, W. (2006). “Decomposition of 2-nitrophenol in aqueous solution by ozone and UV/ozone processes.” Water Env. Res., 78(9), 901–908.
Kurokawa, Y., Maekawa, A., Takahashi, M., and Kayashi, Y. (1990). “Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate.” Environ. Health Perspect., 87, 309–355.
Kutschera, K., Börnick, H., and Worch, E. (2009). “Photoinitiated oxidation of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by irradiation with 254 nm and 185 nm UV light.” Water Res., 43(8), 2224–2232.
Liang, S., Palencia, L. S., Yates, R. S., Davis, M. K., Bruno, J., and Wolfe, R. L. (1999). “Oxidation of MTBE by ozone and peroxone processes.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 91(6), 104–114.
Peldszus, S., et al. (2004). “Effect of medium-pressure UV irradiation on bromate concentration in drinking water, a pilot scale study.” Water Res., 38(1), 211–217.
Phillip, H N., Gürten, E, and Diyamandoğlu, V. (2006). “Transformation of bromine species during decompositin of bromate under UV light from low pressure mercury lamps.” Ozone Sci. Eng., 28(4), 217–228.
Pinkernell, U., and von Gunten, U. (2001). “Bromate minimization during the ozonation: Mechanistic considerations.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(12), 2525–2531.
Prengle, H. W., Jr. (1983). ‘‘Experimental rate constants and reactor considerations for the destruction of micropollutants and trihalomethane precursors by ozone with ultraviolet radiation.’’ Environ. Sci. Technol., 17(12), 743–747.
Ratpukdi, T., Siripattanakul, S., and Khan, E. (2010). “Mineralization and biodegradability enhancement of natural organic matter by ozone-VUV in comparison with ozone, VUV, ozone-UV, and UV: effects of pH and ozone dose.” Water Res., 44(11), 3351–3543.
Rosenfeldt, E., and Linden, K. (2007). “The concept to characterize and the model process in natural waters.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 41(7), 2548–2553.
Siddiqui, M. S., Amy, G. L., and McCollum, L. J. (1996). “Bromate destruction by UV irradiation and electric arc discharge.” Ozone Sci. Eng., 18(3), 271–290.
Siddiqui, M., Amy, G., Ozekin, K., and Westerhoff, P. (1998). “Modeling dissolved ozone and bromate ion formation in ozone contactors.” Water, Air, Soil Pollut., 108(1-2), 1–32.
Song, R., Donohoe, C., Minear, R., Westerhoff, P., Ozekin, K., and Amy, G. (1996). “Empirical modeling of bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing waters.” Water Res., 30(5), 1161–1168.
Song, R., Westerhoff, P., Minear, R., and Amy, G. (1997). “Bromate minimization during ozonation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 89(6), 69–78.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1998). “National primary drinking water regulations: Stage 1 disinfectants and disinfection byproducts rule.” Federal Register, 63(241), 69477–69521.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2001). “USEPA Method 317.0. Determination of inorganic oxyhalide disinfection by-products in drinking water using ion chromatography in drinking water with the addition of a postcolumn reagent for trace bromate analysis.” Rep. No. EPA 815-B-01-001, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Cincinnati.
von Gunten, U. (2003). “Ozonation of drinking water: Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine.” Water Res., 37(7), 1469–1487.
von Gunten, U., and Hoigné, J. (1994). “Bromate formation during ozonation of bromide-containing waters: Interaction of ozone and hydroxyl radical reactions.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 28(7), 1234–1242.
von Gunten, U., and Oliveras, Y. (1998). “Advanced oxidation of bromide-containing waters: Bromate formation mechanisms.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 32(1), 63–70.
Wert, E., Neemann, J., Johnson, D., Rexing, D., and Zegers, R. (2007). “Pilot-scale and full-scale evaluation of the chlorine-ammonia process for bromate control during ozonation.” Ozone Sci. Eng., 29(5), 363–372.
Westerhoff, P., Song, R. G., Amy, G., and Minear, R. (1998). “NOM’s role in bromine and bromate formation during ozonation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 90(2), 82–94.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 10, 2009
Accepted: Aug 5, 2010
Published online: Aug 7, 2010
Published in print: Mar 1, 2011
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.