Impact of Ethical Leadership on Employee Turnover Intentions in the Construction Industry
Publication: Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 148, Issue 7
Abstract
Construction projects are cost-intensive, complex, and challenging ventures that often place employees in a harsh work environment filled with safety hazards. Employees facing such rigid characteristics must also adhere to strict time schedules to complete construction tasks; as a result, construction employees experience high stress that can deplete their psychological resources. Consequently, construction employees develop intentions to quit the organization, commonly known as turnover intentions. This study evaluates the role of ethical leadership in reducing employee turnover intentions in the construction industry. In this study, work exhaustion and psychological contract breach are considered prime antecedents of employee turnover in the construction industry. We collected data from satellite town development projects in Pakistan and performed regression path analysis to assess hypothesized relationships between construction employee turnover intention and its antecedents. The moderating effects of ethical leadership in reducing the impacts of work exhaustion and psychological contract breach were studied. Results revealed that work exhaustion and perceived psychological contract breach positively correlate with construction employee turnover intention; however, ethical leadership significantly reduced the impacts of work exhaustion and psychological contract breach on employee turnover intention. The findings and practical implications of this study can be used to help construction managers act ethically in their managerial duties to retain employees and continue to motivate employees to complete project tasks.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 72001160 and the National Social Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 19VDL001. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the funding agencies.
References
Ahuja, M. K., K. M. Chudoba, C. J. Kacmar, D. H. McKnight, and J. F. George. 2007. “IT road warriors: Balancing work-family conflict, job autonomy, and work overload to mitigate turnover intentions.” MIS Q. 31 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148778.
Aiken, L. S., S. G. West, and R. R. Reno. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Anwar, F., A. Javed, and M. Zeeshan Shaukat. 2018. “Antecedents of work exhaustion, its mediating role and subsequent effects on turnover intentions.” Technol. Innovation Ind. Manage. 6 (18): 98–121.
Argyris, C. 1960. Understanding organizational behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ayodele, O. A., A. Chang-Richards, and V. González. 2020. “Factors affecting workforce turnover in the construction sector: A systematic review.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 146 (2): 03119010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001725.
Barua, A. 2020. “The construction workforce: Growing again, but not changing much.” Accessed January 17, 2021. https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/economy/spotlight/economics-insights-analysis-02-2020.html.
Benevene, P., L. Dal Corso, A. De Carlo, A. Falco, F. Carluccio, and M. L. Vecina. 2018. “Ethical leadership as antecedent of job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment and intention to stay among volunteers of non-profit organizations.” Front. Psychol. 9 (Nov): 2069. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02069.
Blau, P. M. 1964. Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics). 2018. Annual quits rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted. Washington, DC: BLS.
Bordia, S., P. Bordia, and S. L. D. Restubog. 2015. “Promises from afar: A model of international student psychological contract in business education.” Stud. Higher Educ. 40 (2): 212–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2013.823935.
Brislin, R. W. 1980. “Translation and content analysis of oral and written material.” In Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Methodology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Brown, M. E., and M. S. Mitchell. 2010. “Ethical and unethical leadership: Exploring new avenues for future research.” Bus. Ethics Q. 20 (4): 583–616. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201020439.
Brown, M. E., and L. K. Treviño. 2006. “Ethical leadership: A review and future directions.” Leadersh. Q. 17 (6): 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004.
Brown, M. E., L. K. Treviño, and D. A. Harrison. 2005. “Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing.” Organizational Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes 97 (2): 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002.
Bryman, A., and D. Cramer. 1997. Quantitative data analysis with SPSS for Windows: A guide for social scientists. London: Routledge.
Burke, R. J., and E. Greenglass. 1995. “A longitudinal study of psychological burnout in teachers.” Hum. Relat. 48 (2): 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679504800205.
Cao, X., A. N. Khan, G. H. Zaigham, and N. A. Khan. 2019. “The stimulators of social media fatigue among students: Role of moral disengagement.” J. Educ. Comput. Res. 57 (5): 1083–1107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633118781907.
Caplan, R. D. 1971. Organizational stress and individual strain: A social-psychological study of risk factors in coronary heart disease among administrators, engineers, and scientists. St. Ann Arbor, MI: Research Center for Group Dynamics, Univ. of Michigan.
Chih, Y.-Y., K. Kiazad, L. Zhou, A. Capezio, M. Li, and S. L. D. Restubog. 2016. “Investigating employee turnover in the construction industry: A psychological contract perspective.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 142 (6): 04016006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001101.
Conway, N., and R. B. Briner. 2005. Understanding psychological contracts at work: A critical evaluation of theory and research. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Cordes, C. L., T. W. Dougherty, and M. Blum. 1997. “Patterns of burnout among managers and professionals: A comparison of models.” J. Organizational Behav. 18 (6): 685–701. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199711)18:6%3C685::AID-JOB817%3E3.0.CO;2-U.
Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., and N. Conway. 2005. “Exchange relationships: Examining psychological contracts and perceived organizational support.” J. Appl. Psychol. 90 (4): 774. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.774.
Cullinane, N., and T. Dundon. 2006. “The psychological contract: A critical review.” Int. J. Manage. Rev. 8 (2): 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2006.00123.x.
Dainty, A., S. Green, and B. Bagilhole. 2007. People and culture in construction: A reader. London: Routledge.
Davis, P. R., M. Jefferies, and Y. Ke. 2017. “Psychological contracts: Framework for relationships in construction procurement.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 143 (8): 04017028. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001327.
Eisenbeiss, S. A. 2012. “Re-thinking ethical leadership: An interdisciplinary integrative approach.” Leadersh. Q. 23 (5): 791–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.03.001.
Elci, M., İ. Şener, S. Aksoy, and L. Alpkan. 2012. “The impact of ethical leadership and leadership effectiveness on employees’ turnover intention: The mediating role of work related stress.” Procedia-Social Behav. Sci. 58 (Oct): 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.1003.
Firth, H., and P. Britton. 1989. “‘Burnout’, absence and turnover amongst British nursing staff.” J. Occup. Psychol. 62 (1): 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1989.tb00477.x.
Fisher, R. T. 2001. “Role stress, the type a behavior pattern, and external auditor job satisfaction and performance.” Behav. Res. Accounting 13 (1): 143–170. https://doi.org/10.2308/bria.2001.13.1.143.
Flood, P. C., T. Turner, N. Ramamoorthy, and J. Pearson. 2001. “Causes and consequences of psychological contracts among knowledge workers in the high technology and financial services industries.” Int. J. Hum. Res. Manage. 12 (7): 1152–1165. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190110068368.
Gregory, C., and S. D. Smith. 2006. “Safety hazard identification on construction projects.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 132 (2): 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:2(197).
Hartmann, B., and A. G. Fleischer. 2005. “Physical load exposure at construction sites.” Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 31 (2): 88–95.
Heffernan, M., and E. Rochford. 2017. “Psychological contract breach and turnover intention: The moderating effects of social status and local ties.” Ir. J. Manage. 36 (2): 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijm-2017-0011.
Hobfoll, S. E. 1989. “Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.” Am. Psychologist 44 (3): 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513.
Hobfoll, S. E. 2001. “The influence of culture, community, and the nested self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory.” Appl. Psychol. Int. Rev. 50: 337–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062.
Houmanfar, R. A., and. M. A. Mattaini. 2016. “Leadership and cultural change: Implications for behavior analysis.” Behav. Anal. 39 (1): 41–46.
Hrebiniak, L. G. 1974. “Job technology, supervision, and work-group structure.” Administrative Sci. Q. 19 (3): 395–410. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391980.
Jackson, S. E., J. A. Turner, and A. P. Brief. 1987. “Correlates of burnout among public service lawyers.” J. Occup. Behav. 8: 339–349.
Jamal, M. 2010. “Burnout among Canadian, Chinese, Malaysian and Pakistani employees: An empirical examination.” Int. Manage. Rev. 6 (1): 31–41.
Janssen, P. P. M., W. B. Schaufelioe, and I. Houkes. 1999. “Work-related and individual determinants of the three burnout dimensions.” Work Stress 13 (1): 74–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/026783799296200.
Jones, S. M., A. Ross, and B. Sertyesilisik. 2010. “Testing the unfolding model of voluntary turnover on construction professionals.” Construct. Manage. Econ. 28 (3): 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446191003587737.
Kabiri, S., and W. Hughes. 2018. “The interplay between formal and informal elements in analysing situations of role conflict among construction participants.” Construct. Manage. Econ. 36 (12): 651–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2018.1472794.
Ke, Y., P. Davis, and M. Jefferies. 2016. “A conceptual model of psychological contracts in construction projects.” Constr. Econ. Build. 16 (3): 20–37. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v16i3.4993.
Khan, A. N. 2021. “A diary study of psychological effects of misinformation and COVID-19 Threat on work engagement of working from home employees.” Technol. Forecasting Social Change 171 (Oct): 120968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120968.
Khan, A. N., N. A. Khan, and M. A. Soomro. 2020a. “The impact of moral leadership on construction employees’ psychological behaviors.” IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.3020371.
Khan, A. N., N. A. Khan, and M. A. Soomro. 2020b. “Influence of ethical leadership in managing human resources in construction companies.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 146 (11): 04020125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001919.
Khan, N. A., and A. N. Khan. 2021. “Exploring the impact of abusive supervision on employee’ voice behavior in Chinese construction industry: A moderated mediation analysis.” Eng. Constr. Archit. Manage. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2020-0829.
Khan, N. A., A. N. Khan, M. F. Moin, and A. H. Pitafi. 2021. “A trail of chaos: How psychopathic leadership influence employee satisfaction and turnover intention via self-efficacy in tourism enterprises.” J. Leisure Res. 52 (3): 347–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2020.1785359.
Khan, N. A., A. N. Khan, M. A. Soomro, and S. K. Khan. 2020c. “Transformational leadership and civic virtue behavior: Valuing act of thriving and emotional exhaustion in the hotel industry.” Asia Pac. Manage. Rev. 25 (4): 216–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2020.05.001.
Kiazad, K., S. E. Seibert, and M. L. Kraimer. 2014. “Psychological contract breach and employee innovation: A conservation of resources perspective.” J. Occup. Organizational Psychol. 87 (3): 535–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12062.
Kim, H. J., C. C. Lee, H. Yun, and K. S. Im. 2015. “An examination of work exhaustion in the mobile enterprise environment.” Technol. Forecasting Social Change 100 (Nov): 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.07.009.
Kim, S. 2005. “Factors affecting state government information technology employee turnover intentions.” Am. Rev. Public Administration 35 (2): 137–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074004273150.
Kirmeyer, S. L., and T. W. Dougherty. 1988. “Work load, tension, and coping: Moderating effects of supervisor support.” Personnel Psychol. 41 (1): 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00635.x.
Lee, H.-R., S. K. Murrmann, K. F. Murrmann, and K. Kim. 2010. “Organizational justice as a mediator of the relationships between leader-member exchange and employees’ turnover intentions.” J. Hospitality Marketing Manage. 19 (2): 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620903455237.
Lee, R. T., and B. E. Ashforth. 1996. “A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout.” J. Appl. Psychol. 81 (2): 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123.
Lee, W.-T., H. Zhang, and K. H. Funk. 2019. “The psychology of organizational and social sustainability.” Front. Eng. Manage. 6 (3): 336–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-019-0029-0.
Leiter, M. P. 1993. “Burnout as a developmental process: Consideration of models.” In Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research, 237–250. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Li, Y., Q. Yang, B. Pasian, and Y. Zhang. 2020. “Project management maturity in construction consulting services: Case of Expo in China.” Front. Eng. Manage. 7 (3): 384–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-019-0070-z.
Lingard, H. 2003. “The impact of individual and job characteristics on ‘burnout’ among civil engineers in Australia and the implications for employee turnover.” Construct. Manage. Econ. 21 (1): 69–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144619032000065126.
Love, P. E. D., D. J. Edwards, and Z. Irani. 2012. “Moving beyond optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation: An explanation for social infrastructure project cost overruns.” IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage. 59 (4): 560–571. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2011.2163628.
Marte, B., L. Pierre-Nicolas, and K. Goran. 2016. “Development of exhaustion for high-performance coaches in association with workload and motivation: A person-centered approach.” Psychol. Sport Exercise 22 (Jan): 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.06.004.
Maslach, C., and S. E. Jackson. 1986. Maslach burnout inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., W. B. Schaufeli, and M. P. Leiter. 2001. “Job burnout.” Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52 (1): 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397.
Mauno, S., N. De Cuyper, U. Kinnunen, M. Ruokolainen, J. Rantanen, and A. Mäkikangas. 2015. “The prospective effects of work–family conflict and enrichment on job exhaustion and turnover intentions: Comparing long-term temporary vs. permanent workers across three waves.” Work Stress 29 (1): 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.1003997.
Mitchell, M. 1975. “Review of beyond contract: Work, power and trust relations.” Br. J. Sociol. 26 (2): 259. https://doi.org/10.2307/589610.
Mohajeri, M., A. Ardeshir, M. T. Banki, and H. Malekitabar. 2020. “Discovering causality patterns of unsafe behavior leading to fall hazards on construction sites.” Int. J. Constr. Manage. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1839704.
Montgomery, M. R. 2012. “Does an absence of managerial communication negatively influence job satisfaction.” In A quantitative examination of the correlation between job satisfaction and role conflict and role ambiguity among high-tech employees. Minneapolis, MN: Capella Univ.
Moore, J. E. 2000. “One road to turnover: An examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals.” MIS Q. 24 (1): 141–168. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250982.
Morgeson, F. P., and S. E. Humphrey. 2006. “The work design questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work.” J. Appl. Psychol. 91 (6): 1321. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.6.1321.
Morrison, E. W., and S. L. Robinson. 1997. “When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops.” Acad. Manage. Rev. 22 (1): 226–256. https://doi.org/10.2307/259230.
Nagaraj, R. 2017. “Political economy of contemporary India.” In Employment boom in construction. Mumbai, India: Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research.
Nauman, S., C. Zheng, and R. Ahmad. 2021. “Employee career outlook and turnover: Unleashing the roles of career adaptability and career satisfaction in international construction projects.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 11 (147): 04021150. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002150.
Neubert, M. J., C. Wu, and J. A. Roberts. 2013. “The influence of ethical leadership and regulatory focus on employee outcomes.” Bus. Ethics Q. 23 (2): 269–296. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201323217.
Ngai, P., and L. Huilin. 2010. “A culture of violence: The labor subcontracting system and collective action by construction workers in post-socialist China.” China J. 64 (Jul): 143–158. https://doi.org/10.1086/tcj.64.20749250.
Niehoff, B. P., and R. H. Moorman. 1993. “Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior.” Acad. Manage. J. 36 (3): 527–556. https://doi.org/10.2307/256591.
NSC (National Safety Council). 2018. 69% of employees, many in safety-critical jobs, are tired at work. Washington, DC: NSC.
Oeij, P. R. A. 2006. “Do job autonomy and negotiation self-efficacy improve employment relationships?” SA J. Ind. Psychol. 32 (2): 74–79. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v32i2.229.
Office for National Statistics. 2019. Construction statistics, Great Britain. London: Office for National Statistics.
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2019. Pakistan employment trends. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
Palanski, M., J. B. Avey, and N. Jiraporn. 2014. “The effects of ethical leadership and abusive supervision on job search behaviors in the turnover process.” J. Bus. Ethics 121 (1): 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1690-6.
Palomino, M. N., and F. Frezatti. 2016. “Role conflict, role ambiguity and job satisfaction: Perceptions of the Brazilian controllers.” Rev. Administração 51 (2): 165–181. https://doi.org/10.5700/rausp1232.
Pearce, J. L. 1998. “Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements.” Administrative Sci. Q. 43 (1): 184–186. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393595.
Pines, M.-A., E. Aronson, and D. Kafry. 1981. Burnout: From tedium to personal growth. New York: Free Press.
Prosser, D., S. Johnson, E. Kuipers, G. Szmukler, P. Bebbington, and G. Thornicroft. 1997. “Perceived sources of work stress and satisfaction among hospital and community mental health staff, and their relation to mental health, burnout and job satisfaction.” J. Psychosomatic Res. 43 (1): 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00086-X.
Raiden, A., A. Dainty, and R. Neale. 2009. Employee resourcing in the construction industry: Strategic considerations and operational practice. London: Routledge.
Raza, M. Y., A. N. Khan, N. A. Khan, A. Ali, and S. Bano. 2020. “Dark side of social media and academic performance of public sector schools students: Role of parental school support.” J. Public Aff. 20 (3): e2058. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2058.
Rizzo, J. R., R. J. House, and S. I. Lirtzman. 1970. “Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations.” Administrative Sci. Q. 15 (2): 150–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/2391486.
Robinson, S. L. 1996. “Trust and breach of the psychological contract.” Administrative Sci. Q. 41 (4): 574–599. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393868.
Robinson, S. L., and E. Wolfe Morrison. 2000. “The development of psychological contract breach and violation: A longitudinal study.” J. Organizational Behav. 21 (5): 525–546. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1379(200008)21:5%3C525::AID-JOB40%3E3.0.CO;2-T.
Rousseau, D. M. 1989. “Psychological and implied contracts in organizations.” Employee Responsibilities Rights J. 2 (2): 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01384942.
Saleem, D. I., R. Ahmed, and N. Saleem. 2016. “Mediating role of work exhaustion: The missing linchpin to address employee’s turnover.” J. Behav. Sci. 26 (2): 156–173.
Sami, A., A. Jusoh, and M. I. Qureshi. 2016. “Does ethical leadership create public value? Empirical evidences from banking sector of Pakistan.” Int. Rev. Manage. Marketing 6 (4): 262–270.
Satpathy, I., D. Litt, B. C. M. Patnaik, and S. Chakrabarti. 2018. “Psychological contract and its role in the infrastructure sector: A review study.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol. 9 (7): 844–852.
Schein, E. H. 1978. Career dynamics: Matching individual and organizational needs. Boston, MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
Segal, E. 2021. “Leaders and employees are burning out at record rates: New survey.” Accessed January 21, 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/edwardsegal/2021/02/17/leaders-and-employees-are-burning-out-at-record-rates-new-survey/?sh=a82fb0564999.
Shafique, I., M. N. Kalyar, and B. Ahmad. 2018. “The nexus of ethical leadership, job performance, and turnover intention: The mediating role of job satisfaction.” Interdiscip. Description Complex Syst. 16 (1): 71–87. https://doi.org/10.7906/indecs.16.1.5.
Shin, Y., S. Y. Sung, J. N. Choi, and M. S. Kim. 2015. “Top management ethical leadership and firm performance: Mediating role of ethical and procedural justice climate.” J. Bus. Ethics 129 (1): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2144-5.
Shore, L. M., and K. Barksdale. 1998. “Examining degree of balance and level of obligation in the employment relationship: A social exchange approach.” Supplement, J. Organizational Behav. 19 (S1): 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(1998)19:1+%3C731::AID-JOB969%3E3.0.CO;2-P.
Suifan, T. S., H. Diab, S. Alhyari, and R. J. Sweis. 2020. “Does ethical leadership reduce turnover intention? The mediating effects of psychological empowerment and organizational identification.” J. Hum. Behav. Social Environ. 30 (4): 410–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2019.1690611.
Sun, J., M. Zheng, M. Skitmore, B. Xia, and X. Wang. 2019. “Industry effect of job hopping: An agent-based simulation of Chinese construction workers.” Front. Eng. Manage. 6 (2): 249–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-019-0014-4.
Tabassum, H., Z. Farooq, and I. Fatima. 2017. “Work family conflict, perceived work overload and work exhaustion in employees of banking sector.” Pak. J. Commerce Social Sci. 11 (1): 439–451.
Thomas, K. M., and K. L. Williams. 1995. “The role of burnout on organizational attachment and career mobility.” In Proc., Work, Stress, and Health ‘95: Creating Healthier Workplaces. Washington, DC: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460110133.
Toor, S.-U.-R., and G. Ofori. 2009. “Ethical leadership: Examining the relationships with full range leadership model, employee outcomes, and organizational culture.” J. Bus. Ethics 90 (4): 533–547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0059-3.
Toppinen-Tanner, S., A. Ojajärvi, A. Väänaänen, R. Kalimo, and P. Jäppinen. 2005. “Burnout as a predictor of medically certified sick-leave absences and their diagnosed causes.” Behav. Med. 31 (1): 18–32. https://doi.org/10.3200/BMED.31.1.18-32.
Tropey, E. 2018. “Careers in construction: Building opportunity.” Accessed January 17, 2021. https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2018/article/careers-in-construction.htm.
Tufan, P., K. De Witte, and H. J. Wendt. 2019. “Diversity-related psychological contract breach and employee work behavior: Insights from intergroup emotions theory.” Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manage. 30 (20): 2925–2949. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1350733.
Vui-Yee, K., and T. Yen-Hwa. 2020. “When does ostracism lead to turnover intention? The moderated mediation model of job stress and job autonomy.” IIMB Manage. Rev. 32 (3): 238–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2019.10.007.
Walumbwa, F. O., D. M. Mayer, P. Wang, H. Wang, K. Workman, and A. L. Christensen. 2011. “Linking ethical leadership to employee performance: The roles of leader–member exchange, self-efficacy, and organizational identification.” Organizational Behav. Hum. Decis. Processes 115 (2): 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2010.11.002.
Wang, X., J. Sun, X. Liu, M. Zheng, and J. Fu. 2019. “Psychological contract’s effect on job mobility: Evidence from Chinese construction worker.” Econ. Res.-Ekonomska Istrazivanja 32 (1): 1476–1497. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1638280.
Westman, M., and D. Etzion. 2001. “The impact of vacation and job stress on burnout and absenteeism.” Psychol. Health 16 (5): 595–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405529.
Westman, M., S. E. Hobfoll, S. Chen, O. B. Davidson, and S. Laski. 2004. “Organizational stress through the lens of conservation of resources (COR) theory.” In Vol. 4 of Exploring interpersonal dynamics (research in occupational stress and well being), edited by P. L. Perrewe and D. C. Ganster. 167–220. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group.
Wu, Y.-C. 2017. “Mechanisms linking ethical leadership to ethical sales behavior.” Psychol. Rep. 120 (3): 537–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117693594.
Xiongfei, C., A. N. Khan, A. Ali, and N. A. Khan. 2020. “Consequences of cyberbullying and social overload while using SNSs: A study of users’ discontinuous usage behavior in SNSs.” Inf. Syst. Front. 22 (6): 1343–1356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09936-8.
Yang, F., X. Li, Z. Song, Y. Li, and Y. Zhu. 2018. “Job burnout of construction project managers: Considering the role of organizational justice.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 144 (11): 04018103. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001567.
Yang, H., and H. Fu. 2013. “Psychological contract structure of banks and credit customers based on the empirical study of banking industry in Jiangxi province.” J. Appl. Sci. 13 (17): 3431–3434. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2013.3431.3434.
Yip, B., and S. Rowlinson. 2009. “Job burnout among construction engineers working within consulting and contracting organizations.” J. Manage. Eng. 25 (3): 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2009)25:3(122).
Zhang, L., Y. Yao, and T. W. Yiu. 2020. “Job burnout of construction project managers: Exploring the consequences of regulating emotions in workplace.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage. 146 (10): 04020117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001913.
Zhang, M., L. A. Murphy, D. Fang, and A. J. Caban-Martinez. 2015. “Influence of fatigue on construction workers’ physical and cognitive function.” Occup. Med. 65 (3): 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqu215.
Zheng, J., X. Gou, H. Li, N. Xia, and G. Wu. 2021. “Linking work–family conflict and burnout from the emotional resource perspective for construction professionals.” Int. J. Managing Projects Bus. 14 (5): 1093–1115. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-06-2020-0181.
Zhu, Q. 2018. “Engineering ethics education, ethical leadership, and Confucian ethics.” Int. J. Ethics Educ. 3 (2): 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40889-018-0054-6.
Zubairi, A. J., and S. Noordin. 2016. “Factors associated with burnout among residents in a developing country.” Ann. Med. Surg. 6 (3): 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2016.01.090.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
Volume 148 • Issue 7 • July 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 3, 2021
Accepted: Mar 2, 2022
Published online: Apr 29, 2022
Published in print: Jul 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Sep 29, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Aritra Halder, Sachin Batra, Navigating the Ethical Discourse in Construction: A State-of-the-Art Review of Relevant Literature, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 10.1061/JCEMD4.COENG-13880, 150, 3, (2024).
- Qiangzhen Jian, Xiuting Wang, Hisham Mohammad Al-Smadi, Aamer Waheed, Alina Badulescu, Sarminah Samad, Proposing a Robust Model to Reduce Employees’ Turnover Intentions in an Ethical Leadership Framework: Empirical Evidence from the Healthcare Sector, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10.3390/ijerph19158939, 19, 15, (8939), (2022).
- Wei Zhang, Guodong Yuan, Rui Xue, Yilong Han, John E. Taylor, Mitigating Common Method Bias in Construction Engineering and Management Research, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002364, 148, 9, (2022).
- Jian Li Hao, Shiwang Yu, Xiaonan Tang, Weiwei Wu, Determinants of workers' pro-environmental behaviour towards enhancing construction waste management: Contributing to China's circular economy, Journal of Cleaner Production, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133265, 369, (133265), (2022).