Seismic Collapse Performance of Soft-Story RC Frames with SRC Columns Designed Using the Energy-Based Method
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 36, Issue 6
Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) structures with weak or soft stories have exhibited poor seismic performance in several past earthquakes, primarily due to high seismic force and deformation demands on the columns in these soft stories. This study presents a strategy to improve the seismic performance of these structures by using structural steel–reinforced concrete (SRC) columns. A design methodology using the energy-balance concept was proposed for the RC-SRC hybrid structures. A five-story study frame with conventional RC as well as SRC columns was numerically modelled in the computer software OpenSees to assess seismic collapse performance. The nonlinear modelling technique was validated by comparing the predicted cyclic force-deformation behavior with the past test results. Nonlinear cyclic pushover and dynamic time-history analyses were conducted to compare the seismic performance of the RC and SRC frames. Incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) were conducted to predict their collapse probabilities and derive their collapse fragility curves. The results of the static and dynamic analysis show a significant improvement in the seismic performance of the hybrid frame over the original RC frame.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2006. Acceptance criteria for moment frames based on structural testing and commentary—An ACI standard. ACI-374.1. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19) and commentary on building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 31R8-19)—An ACI standard. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Adam, J. M., S. Ivorra, F. J. Pallares, E. Giménez, and P. A. Calderón. 2008. “Column-joint assembly in RC columns strengthened by steel caging.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng: Struct. Build. 161 (6): 337–343. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2008.161.6.337.
Antonpoulous, T. A., and S. A. Anagnstopoulos. 2012. “Seismic evaluation and upgrading of RC buildings with weak open ground stories.” Earthquake Struct. 3 (3–4): 611–628. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2012.3.3_4.611.
Beigi, H. A., C. Christopoulos, T. Sullivan, and G. M. Calvi. 2014. “Gapped-inclined braces for seismic retrofit of soft-story buildings.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 140 (11): 04014080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001006.
Berry, M. P., D. E. Lehman, and L. N. Lowes. 2008. “Lumped-plasticity models for performance simulation of bridge columns.” ACI Struct. J. 105 (3): 270–279.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). 2000. Plain and reinforced concrete—Code and practice. IS:456-2000. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standard). 2016. Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures: Part I—General provisions and buildings. IS:1893-2016. New Delhi, India: BIS.
BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards). 2003. Handbook for structural engineers. Part 1—Structural steel sections. SP:6(1)-1964. New Delhi, India: BIS.
Campian, C., Z. Nagy, and M. Pop. 2015. “Behavior of fully encased steel-concrete composite columns subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading.” Proc. Eng. 117 (Jan): 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.193.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2004. Design of composite steel and concrete structures. Eurocode 4. BS EN 1994-1-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chaudhari, A. D., P. D. Dhake, S. Pathak, and V. Battul. 2021. “Seismic appraisement of building with silt floor using composite column.” In Advances in construction materials and structures, 127–139. Singapore: Springer.
Chen, C., C. Wang, and H. Sun. 2014. “Experimental study on seismic behavior of full encased steel-concrete composite columns.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 140 (6): 04014024. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000951.
Chen, C. C., C. C. Chen, and T. T. Hoang. 2016. “Role of concrete confinement of wide-flange structural steel shape in steel-reinforced concrete columns under cyclic loading.” Eng. Struct. 110 (Mar): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.12.002.
Crisafulli, F. 1997. Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete structures with masonry infills. Canterbury, NZ: Univ. of Canterbury.
Crisafulli, F. J., and A. J. Carr. 2007. “Proposed macro-model for the analysis of infilled frame structures.” Bull. N. Z. Soc. Earthquake Eng. 40 (2): 69–77. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.40.2.69-77.
Dolšek, M., and P. Fajfar. 2008. “The effect of masonry infills on the seismic response of a four-storey reinforced concrete frame—A deterministic assessment.” Eng. Struct. 30 (7): 1991–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.01.001.
Dwairi, H. M., M. J. Kowalsky, and J. M. Nau. 2007. “Equivalent damping in support of direct displacement-based design.” J. Earthquake Eng. 11 (4): 512–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460601033884.
El-Dakhakhni, W. W., M. Elgaaly, and A. A. Hamid. 2003. “Three-strut model for concrete masonry-infilled steel frames.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 129 (2): 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:2(177).
Elwood, K. J. 2004. “Modelling failures in existing reinforced concrete columns.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 31 (5): 846–859. https://doi.org/10.1139/l04-040.
Fakhouri, M. Y., and A. Igarashi. 2013. “Multiple-slider surfaces bearing for seismic retrofitting of frame structures with soft first stories.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (1): 145–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2198.
FEMA. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA-356. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2009. Recommended methodology for quantification of building system performance and response parameters. FEMA-P695. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Furtado, A., H. Rodrigues, and A. Arêde. 2015. “Modelling of masonry infill walls participation in the seismic behaviour of RC buildings using OpenSees.” Int. J. Adv. Struct. Eng. 7 (2): 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40091-015-0086-5.
Gautham, A., and D. R. Sahoo. 2020. “Performance-based plastic design of mid-rise soft-storey RC frames with SRC columns.” In Proc., 17 WCEE. Sendai, Japan: Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Gautham, A., and D. R. Sahoo. 2021. “Behavior of steel-reinforced composite concrete columns under combined axial and lateral cyclic loading.” J. Build. Eng. 39 (Jun): 102305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102305.
Grigorian, M., and C. Grigorian. 2016. “An introduction to the structural design of rocking wall-frames with a view to collapse prevention, self-alignment and repairability.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 25 (2): 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1230.
Huang, W., Z. Zhou, and J. Liu. 2017. “Analytical deformation characteristics and shear capacity of SRC-RC transfer columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 138 (11): 692–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.08.024.
Iqbal, A. 2006. “Soft first story with seismic isolation system.” In Proc., 2006 NZSEE Conf. New Zealand: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
Jain, S., D. C. Rai, and D. R. Sahoo. 2008. “Postyield cyclic buckling criteria for aluminum shear panels.” J. App. Mech. 75 (2): 21015. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2793135.
Jiang, Y., A. Silva, L. Macedo, J. M. Castro, and R. Monteiro. 2018. “Seismic performance of composite structures made with concrete-filled steel tubular members.” In Proc., 16th European Conf. Earthquake Engineering. Greece: The European Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Karaiya, B. K., R. M. Oinam, D. R. Sahoo, and A. Gupta. 2020. “Lateral cyclic performance of a CFRP retrofitted two-story RC frame with open ground story.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 18 (13): 5919–5939. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00913-0.
Karaiya, B. K., D. R. Sahoo, and A. K. Gupta. 2019. “Design of seismic strengthening technique for soft-story RC frames using buckling-restrained braces.” Indian Concr. J. 94 (1): 30–43.
Karamodin, A., and A. Zanganeh. 2017. “Seismic design and performance of dual moment and eccentrically braced frame system using PBPD method.” Lat. Am. J. Solid. Struct. 14 (3): 441–463. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78253425.
Karki, P., R. M. Oinam, and D. R. Sahoo. 2020. “Evaluation of seismic strengthening techniques for non-ductile soft-story RC frame.” Adv. Conc. Constr. 9 (4): 423–435. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.9.4.423.
Khampanit, A., S. Leelataviwat, J. Kochanin, and P. Warnitchai. 2014. “Energy-based seismic strengthening design of non-ductile reinforced concrete frames using buckling-restrained braces.” Eng. Struct. 81 (Dec): 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.033.
Lai, J. W., and S. A. Mahin. 2015. “Strongback system: A way to reduce damage concentration in steel-braced frames.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (9): 04014223. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001198.
Leelataviwat, S., W. Saewon, and S. C. Goel. 2009. “Application of energy balance concept in seismic evaluation of structures.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 135 (2): 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:2(113).
Liao, W. C. 2010. “Performance-based plastic design of earthquake resistant reinforced concrete moment frames.” Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Michigan.
Liao, W. C., Y. H. Chiang Hsieh, and C. S. Goel. 2017. “Seismic evaluation and collapse prediction of RC moment frame structures by using energy balance concept.” J. Vibroeng. 19 (7): 5268–5277. https://doi.org/10.21595/jve.2017.19235.
Liew, J. R., and H. Chen. 2004. “Explosion and fire analysis of steel frames using fiber element approach.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 130 (7): 991–1000. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:7(991).
Mander, J. B., M. J. Priestley, and R. Park. 1988. “Theoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 114 (8): 1804–1826. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804).
Manzouri, T. 1995. “Nonlinear finite element analysis and experimental evaluation of retrofitting techniques for unreinforced masonry structures.” Doctoral dissertation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Colorado at Boulder.
Mckenna, F., G. Fenves, M. Scott, and B. Jeremic. 2000. Open system for earthquake engineering simulation (OpenSees). Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Melo, J., H. Varum, and T. Rossetto. 2014. “Nonlinear modelling of RC elements built with plain reinforcing bars.” In Proc., 15th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Istanbul, Turkey: European Association on Earthquake Engineering.
Mi-jin Park, T.-j. Y., J.-s. Ju, and K.-g. Park. 2020. “Earthquake response and pushover analysis of piloti buildings supported by SRC columns.” Civ. Eng. Archit. 8 (2): 166–190. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2020.080214.
Mirza, S. A., and E. A. Lacroix. 2004. “Comparative strength analyses of concrete-encased steel composite columns.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 130 (12): 1941–1953. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:12(1941).
Murty, C. V. R. 2004. “Learning earthquake design and construction.” Resonance 9 (9): 79–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02837595.
Nagaprasad, P., D. R. Sahoo, and D. C. Rai. 2009. “Seismic strengthening of RC columns using external steel cage.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 38 (Jun): 1563–1586. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.917.
Oinam, R. M., and D. R. Sahoo. 2016. “Seismic rehabilitation of damaged reinforced concrete frames using combined metallic yielding passive devices.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 13 (6): 816–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2016.1190766.
Oinam, R. M., and D. R. Sahoo. 2018. “Numerical evaluation of seismic response of soft-story RC frames retrofitted with passive devices.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 16 (2): 983–1006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0240-5.
Oinam, R. M., and D. R. Sahoo. 2019. “Using metallic dampers to improve seismic performance of soft-story RC frames: Experimental and numerical study.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 33 (1): 04018108. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001254.
Oinam, R. M., R. Sugumar, and D. R. Sahoo. 2017. “A comparative study of seismic performance of RC frames with masonry infills.” Procedia Eng. 173 (Feb): 1784–1791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.12.220.
Palermo, M., V. Laghi, G. Gasparini, and T. Trombetti. 2018. “Coupled response of frame structures connected to a strongback.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (9): 04018148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002134.
Pires, F. 1990. “Influência das paredes de alvenaria no comportamento de estruturas reticuladas de betão armado sujeitas a acções horizontais.” [In Portuguese.] Specialist thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC).
Plumier, A., C. Doneux, L. Stoychev, and T. Demarcot. 2005. “Mitigation of soft storey failures of RC structures under earthquake by encased steel profiles.” In Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Advances in Steel Structures, 1193–1198. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
Pollino, M., S. Sabzehzar, B. Qu, and G. Mosqueda. 2013. “Research needs for seismic rehabilitation of sub-standard buildings using stiff rocking cores.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2013: Bridging Your Passion with Your Profession, 1683–1693. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Qu, Z., A. Wada, S. Motoyui, H. Sakata, and S. Kishiki. 2012. “Pin-supported walls for enhancing the seismic performance of building structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 41 (14): 2075–2091. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2175.
Rodrigues, H., H. Varum, and A. Costa. 2010. “Simplified macro-model for infill masonry panels.” J. Earthquake Eng. 14 (3): 390–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460903086044.
Sahoo, D. R., and D. C. Rai. 2009. “A novel technique seismic strengthening of RC frame using steel caging and aluminum shear yielding device.” Earthquake Spec. 25 (2): 415–437. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3111173.
Sahoo, D. R., and D. C. Rai. 2010. “Seismic strengthening of non-ductile reinforced concrete frames using aluminum shear links as energy-dissipation devices.” Eng. Struct. 32 (11): 3548–3557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.07.023.
Sakata, H., Z. Qu, S. Midorikawa, and A. Wada. 2012. “Seismic retrofit of ductile concrete moment-resisting frames with innovative pin-supported wall system.” In Proc., 14th US-Japan Workshop on the Improvement of Structural Design and Construction Practices. Redwood City, CA: Applied Technology Council.
Sanchez-Zamora, F., J. C. Sanchez, B. Qu, M. Pollino, and G. Mosqueda. 2014. “Mitigation of soft-story failures in multi-story steel concentrically braced frames through implementation of stiff rocking cores.” In Proc., Structures Congress 2014, 2073–2083. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Slovenec, D., A. Sarebanha, M. Pollino, G. Mosqueda, and B. Qu. 2017. “Hybrid testing of the stiff rocking core seismic rehabilitation technique.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (9): 04017083. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001814.
Smyrou, E. 2015. “FRP versus traditional strengthening on a typical mid-rise Turkish RC building.” Earthquake Struct. 9 (5): 1069–1089. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.5.1069.
Sravanan, T. J., G. V. Rama Rao, J. Prakashvel, N. Gopalkrishnan, N. Lakshmanan, and C. V. R. Murty. 2017. “Dynamic testing of open ground story structure and in-situ evaluation of displacement demand magnifier.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 31 (5): 04017055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001052.
Vamvatsikos, D., and C. A. Cornell. 2002. “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 31 (3): 491–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141.
Vandoros, K. G., and S. E. Dritsos. 2008. “Concrete jacket construction detail effectiveness when strengthening RC columns.” Constr. Build. Mater. 22 (3): 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.019.
Weng, C. C., S. I. Yen, and C. C. Chen. 2001. “Shear strength of concrete-encased composite structural members.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 127 (10): 1190–1197. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:10(1190).
Xu, C., X. Liu, X. Zha, and S. Peng. 2020. “Experimental research on seismic damage of a full-web SRC frame structure.” J. Build. Eng. 27 (Jan): 100959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100959.
Zhao, X., F. Wen, Y. Chen, J. Hu, X. Yang, L. Dai, and S. Cao. 2018. “Experimental study on the static performance of steel reinforced concrete columns with high encased steel ratios.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 27 (15): e1536. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1536.
Zhou, C., J. Xue, Z. Hu, and Z. Liu. 2020. “Coupled translational-torsional response for SRC frame with special-shaped columns under earthquake.” J. Build. Eng. 31 (Sep): 101440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101440.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 36 • Issue 6 • December 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 18, 2021
Accepted: Aug 1, 2022
Published online: Oct 7, 2022
Published in print: Dec 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Mar 7, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Analysis (by type)
- Columns
- Concrete
- Concrete columns
- Concrete frames
- Concrete structures
- Dynamic analysis
- Earthquake engineering
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Frames
- Geotechnical engineering
- Materials engineering
- Reinforced concrete
- Seismic effects
- Seismic tests
- Steel columns
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Structures (by type)
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Abhishek Jain, Dipti Ranjan Sahoo, Arvind Kumar Jain, Lateral Cyclic Behavior of SRC-RC Hybrid Columns Bending around Strong and Weak Axes: Effects of Embedment Lengths, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 10.1061/JPCFEV.CFENG-4582, 38, 1, (2024).