Inspection, Diagnosis, and Rehabilitation System of Painted Rendered Façades
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 29, Issue 2
Abstract
This paper presents a method to facilitate the assessment of the performance and analyze the degradation of building envelopes, focusing on painted finishes. The proposed solution consists of systematizing the inspections, diagnosis, and rehabilitation methods through the compilation and structuring of the data contained in current regulations and scientific publications which are later validated and adjusted by the statistical analysis of data gathered in an inspection’s campaign. The field campaign included a sample of 105 façades with painted renders in the city of Lisbon, Portugal. The scope of the sample was limited to painted rendered façades (cementitious or mixed-binder mortar), therefore excluding other substrates. As a result, terminology, techniques, and procedures are combined into a single innovative system that allows unequivocal decision-making regarding inspections and intervention on paint coatings, thereby minimizing reliance on the experience of the inspector. The system is composed of several tools including classification lists, correlation matrices, and individual files compiling information on pathologies, testing, and repair techniques. The method for application of these tools is also described in this paper.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Instituto de Engenharia de Estruturas, Território e Construção (ICIST) Research Institute, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Technical University of Lisbon, and the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT).
References
Aberle, T., Keller, A., and Zurbriggen, R. (2007). “Efflorescence. Mechanisms of formation and ways to prevent.” 2nd National Congress of Construction Mortars Associação Portuguesa dos Fabricantes de Argamassas de Construção (APFAC), APFAC, Lisbon, Portugal.
Amaro, B., Saraiva, D., de Brito, J., and Flores-Colen, I. (2013). “Inspection and diagnosis system of ETICS on walls.” Constr. Build. Mater., 47, 1257–1267.
Araújo, A., De Brito, J., and Júlio, E. (2008). “Inspection manual of the external pathology of constructions built in Portugal in the period 1970–1995.”, Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical Univ. of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal (in Portuguese).
ASTM. (2004). “Standard guide for selection of cleaning techniques for masonry, concrete, and stucco surfaces.” E1857-97, Philadelphia.
ASTM. (2005). “Standard test method for evaluating degree of cracking of exterior paints.” D661-93, Philadelphia.
Carmona-Quiroga, P., Martínez-Ramírez, S., Sánchez-Cortés, S., Oujja, M., Castillejo, M., and Blanco-Varela, M. (2010). “Effectiveness of anti-graffiti treatments in connection with penetration depth determined by different techniques.” J. Cult. Heritage, 11(3), 297–303.
Chai, C., de Brito, J., Gaspar, P., and Silva, A. (2014). “Predicting the service life of exterior wall painting: Techno-economic analysis of alternative maintenance strategies.” J. Constr. Eng. Manage., 04013057.
Chapman, S. (2000). “Laser technology for graffiti removal.” J. Cult. Heritage, 1(Suppl 1), S75–S78.
Daniotti, B. (2002). “Performance characteristics’ degradation and paints’ protective degree for wall components subject to durability tests.” 9th Int. Conf. Durability of Building Materials and Components, International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1–8.
de Brito, J. (2009). “Inspection and diagnosis systems in buildings.” 3rd National Meeting on Pathology and Rehabilitation of Buildings, Faculty of Engineering of the Univ. of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal, 13–23 (in Portuguese).
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2004). “Paints and varnishes. Coating materials and coating systems for exterior masonry and concrete. Part 7: Determination of crack bridging properties.” EN 1062-7:2004, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2006). “Paints and varnishes. Terms and definitions.” EN ISO 4618:2006, Brussels, Belgium.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2007). “Paints and varnishes. Determination of film thickness.” EN ISO 2808:2007, Brussels, Belgium.
Eusébio, M., and Rodrigues, M. (2010). “Anomalies in painting coatings in external and interior masonry walls and corresponding repair techniques.” Cadernos de Edifícios, (5), 25–32, (in Portuguese).
Flores-Colen, I., de Brito, J., and Freitas, V. (2008). “Stains in façades’ rendering—Diagnosis and maintenance techniques’ classification.” Constr. Build. Mater., 22(3), 211–221.
Garrido, M. A., Paulo, P. V., and Branco, F. A. (2012). “Service life prediction of façade paint coatings in old buildings.” Constr. Build. Mater., 29, 394–402.
Gaspar, P., and de Brito, J. (2011). “Limit states and service life of cement renders on façades.” J. Mater. Civil Eng., 1396–1404.
Gaylard, C. C., Morton, L. H. G., Loh, K., and Shirakawa, M. A. (2011). “Biodeterioration of external architectural paint films—A review.” Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 65(8), 1189–1198.
Marques, M., and Rodrigues, M. (2000). Paints, varnishes and paint coatings for construction, 3rd Ed., National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Pereira, A., Palha, F., de Brito, J., and Silvestre, J. D. (2011). “Inspection and diagnosis system for gypsum plasters in partition walls and ceilings.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(4), 2146–2156.
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (1998). “Paints and varnishes. Paint products and paint schemes for external applications in masonry and concrete. Part 1: Classification.”, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (2003a). “Paints and varnishes. Determination of the skin hardness. Pencil method.”, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (2003b). “Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of the degradation of coatings. Designation of the amount and size of the defects and of the gravity of the uniform and aspect-related changes. Part 6: Classification of the pulverulence by the adhesive tape method.”, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (2005a). “Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of the degradation of coatings. Designation of the amount and size of the defects and of the gravity of the uniform and aspect-related changes. Part 1: General introduction and designation system.”, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (2005b). “Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of the degradation of coatings. Designation of the amount and size of the defects and of the gravity of the uniform and aspect-related changes. Part 2: Evaluation of the blistering degree.” NP EN ISO 4628-2:2005, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (2005c). “Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of the degradation of coatings. Designation of the amount and size of the defects and of the gravity of the uniform and aspect-related changes. Part 4: Evaluation of the cracking degree.” NP EN ISO 4628-4:2005, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (2005d). “Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of the degradation of coatings. Designation of the amount and size of the defects and of the gravity of the uniform and aspect-related changes. Part 5: Evaluation of the scaling degree.” NP EN ISO 4628-5:2005, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (2005e). “Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of the degradation of coatings. Designation of the amount and size of the defects and of the gravity of the uniform and aspect-related changes. Part 6: Evaluation of the scaling degree.” NP EN ISO 4628-6:2005, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality. (2005f). “Paints and varnishes. Evaluation of the degradation of coatings. Designation of the amount and size of the defects and of the gravity of the uniform and aspect-related changes. Part 7: Evaluation of the pulverulence degree by the satin cloth method.” NP EN ISO 4628-7:2005, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Portuguese Institute of Quality (IPQ). (1982). “Paints and varnishes. Terminology. Definitions.”, Caparica, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Rodrigues, M., Eusébio, M., and Ribeiro, A. (2006). “Paint coatings—Defects, causes and repair.” Technical and scientific bulletins: Pathology and rehabilitation of constructions, 2nd Ed., National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal (in Portuguese).
Sá, J. G., Sá, J., de Brito, J., and Amaro, B. (2014). “Inspection and diagnosis system for rendered walls.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. (in press).
Silvestre, J. D., and de Brito, J. (2009). “Ceramic tiling inspection system.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(2), 653–668.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2014 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jan 10, 2013
Accepted: Nov 4, 2013
Published online: Nov 7, 2013
Discussion open until: Dec 25, 2014
Published in print: Apr 1, 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.