Implementation of Bond Durability in the Design of Flexural Members with Externally Bonded FRP
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 20, Issue 3
Abstract
Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are becoming a method of choice for the repair/strengthening of civil structures, some of which are situated in environments detrimental to FRP-concrete bond durability. Based on analysis of an extensive database of durability test results from notched-beam three-point bending tests, a bond durability factor (BDF) of 0.60 was identified as an appropriate estimate of bond durability for wet-layup carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). This factor was compared to a normalized database of durability data from the literature, and it was found that a 0.60 BDF agrees well with these data. A modified procedure for determining the ultimate design strain primarily in bond-critical applications (such as external flexural and shear FRP reinforcement), is proposed. This procedure makes a distinction between durability properties associated with the FRP rupture and debonding failure modes. When used for practically feasible strengthening ratios and in conjunction with BDF of 0.60, the proposed procedure yields overall ultimate flexural-member design strengths that are 0–15% lower than those determined using current design procedures.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (2010). “Guide specifications for design of bonded FRP systems for repair and strengthening of concrete bridge elements.” AASHTO FRPS-1, Washington, DC.
AASHTO. (2015). “LRFD bridge design specifications.” Washington, DC.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2008). “Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures.” ACI 440.2R-08, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2011). “Qualification of post-installed adhesive anchors in concrete and commentary.” ACI 355.4-11, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2013). “Code requirements for evaluation, repair, and rehabilitation of concrete buildings (ACI 562-13) and commentary.” ACI 562-13, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2014). “Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-14) and commentary.” ACI 318-14, Farmington Hills, MI.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). (2015). “Guide to accelerated conditioning protocols for durability assessment of internal and external fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement.” ACI 440.9R-15, Farmington Hills, MI.
Alfar, A. (2006). “Durability of reinforced concrete members strengthened with CFRP plates and subjected to moisture and salts.” Ph.D. dissertation, Technische Universität Carolo, Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Germany.
ASTM. (2010). “Standard test method for flexural strength of concrete (using simple beam with third-point loading).” ASTM C78, West Conshohocken, PA.
Atadero, R. A., Allen, D. G., and Mata, O. R. (2013). “Long-term monitoring of mechanical properties of FRP repair materials.”, Colorado Dept. of Transportation, Denver.
Au, C., and Büyüköztürk, O. (2006). “Peel and shear fracture characterization of debonding in FRP plated concrete affected by moisture.” J. Compos. Constr., 35–47.
Beaudoin, Y., Labossiere, P., and Neale, K. W. (1998). “Wet-dry action on the bond between composite materials and reinforced concrete beams.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Durability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction (CDCC 98), Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, 537–546.
Benzarti, K., Chataigner, S., Quiertant, M., Marty, C., and Aubagnac, C. (2011). “Accelerated ageing behavior of the adhesive bond between concrete specimens and CFRP overlays.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(2), 523–538.
Blackburn, B. P., Tatar, J., Douglas, E. P., Hamilton, H. R. (2015). “Effects of hygrothermal conditioning on epoxy adhesives used in FRP composites.” Constr. Build. Mater., 96, 679–689.
Chajes, M. J., Thomson Jr., T. A., and Farschman, C. A. (1995). “Durability of concrete beams externally reinforced with composite fabric.” Constr. Build. Mater., 9(3), 141–148.
Choi, S., Gartner, A. L., Etten, N. V., Hamilton, H. R., and Douglas, E. P. (2012). “Durability of concrete beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites exposed to various environments.” J. Compos. Constr., 10–20.
Cromwell, J. R., Harries, K. A., and Shahrooz, B. M. (2011). “Environmental durability of externally bonded FRP materials intended for repair of concrete structures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 25(5), 2528–2539.
Dai, J., Yokota, H., Iwanami, M., and Kato, E. (2010). “Experimental investigation of the influence of moisture on the bond behavior of FRP to concrete interfaces.” J. Compos. Constr., 834–844.
Dolan, C. W., Tanner, J., Mukai, D., Hamilton, H. R., and Douglas, E. (2008). “Design guidelines for durability of bonded CFRP repair/strengthening of concrete beams.” 〈〉 (Jun. 1, 2013).
Elsanadedy, H. M., Abbas, H., Al-Salloum, Y. A., and Almusallam, T. H. (2014). “Prediction of intermediate crack debonding strain of externally bonded FRP laminates in RC beams and one-way slabs.” J. Compos. Constr., 04014008.
Eveslage, T., Aidoo, J., Harries, K. A., and Bro, W. (2010). “Effect of variations in practice of ASTM D7522 standard pull-off test for FRP-concrete interfaces.” J. Test. Eval., 38(4), 7.
Fava, G., Mazzotti, C., Poggi, C., and Savioia, M. (2007). “Durability of FRP-concrete bonding exposed to aggressive environent.” Proc., 8th Int. Symp. on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-8), Univ. of Patras, Patras, Greece.
Garmage, J. C. P. H., Al-Mahaidi, R., and Wong, M. B. (2009). “Durability of CFRP-strengthened concrete members under extreme temperature and humidity.” Aust. J. Struct. Eng., 9(2), 111–118.
Gartner, A., Douglas, E., Dolan, C. W., and Hamilton, H. R. (2011). “Small beam bond test method for CFRP composites applied to concrete.” J. Compos. Constr., 52–61.
Grace, N. F., and Singh, S. B. (2005). “Durability evaluation of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer strengthened concrete beams: Experimental study and design.” ACI Struct. J., 102(1), 40–53.
Hahn, G. J., and Meeker, W. Q. (1991). Statistical intervals: A guide for practitioners, Wiley, New York.
Harries, K. A., Hamilton, H. R., Kasan, J., and Tatar, J. (2012). “Development of standard bond capacity test for FRP bonded to concrete.” Proc., 6th Int. Conf. on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE 2012), International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC), Rome.
Karbhari, V. M., and Engineer, M. (1996). “Effect of environmental exposure on the external strengthening of concrete with composites–short term bond durability.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 15(12), 194–1215.
Karbhari, V. M., and Ghosh, K. (2009). “Comparative durability evaluation of ambient temperature cured externally bonded CFRP and GFRP composite systems for repair of bridges.” Compos.: Part A, 40(9), 1353–1363.
Karim, Z., Mela, D., Di Benedetti, M., and Nanni, A. (2014). “Durability evaluation of shear bond strength of carbon and glass FRP laminates using small plain concrete beams.” Composites and Advanced Materials Expo, American Composites Manufacturers Association (ACMA), Arlington, VA.
Kim, Y. J., Hmidan, A., and Choi, K. K. (2012). “Residual behavior of shear-repaired concrete beams using CFRP sheets subjected to elevated high temperatures.” J. Compos. Constr., 253–264.
Kim, Y. J., Hossain, M., and Zhang, J. (2013). “A probabilistic investigation into deterioration of CFRP-concrete interface in aggressive environments.” Constr. Build. Mater., 41, 49–59.
Lai, W. L., Kou, S. C., Poon, C. S., Tsang, W. F., and Lai, C. C. (2009). “Effects of elevated water temperatures on interfacial delaminations, failure modes and shear strength in externally-bonded beams using infrared thermography, grey-scale images and direct shear test.” Constr. Build. Mater., 23(10), 3152–3160.
Lai, W. L., Kou, S. C., Poon, C. S., Tsang, W. F., and Lee, K. K. (2013). “A durability study of externally bonded FRP-concrete beams via full-field infrared thermography (IRT) and quasi-static shear test.” Constr. Build. Mater., 40, 481–491.
Leone, M., Matthys, S., and Aiello, M. A. (2009). “Effect of elevated service temperature on bond between FRP EBR systems and concrete.” Compos.: Part B, 40(1), 85–93.
Saadatmanesh, H., Ehsani, M. R. (1990). “Fiber composite plates can strengthen beams.” Concr. Int., 12(3), 65–71.
Saadatmanesh, H., Tavakkolizadeh, M., and Mostofinejad, D. (2010). “Environmental effects on mechanical properties of wet lay-up fiber-reinforced polymer.” ACI Mater. J., 107(3), 267–274.
Sen, R., Shahawy, M., Mullins, G., and Spain, J. (1999). “Durability of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer/epoxy/concrete bond in marine environment.” ACI Struct. J., 96(6), 906–914.
Shrestha, J., Ueda, T., Zhang, D., Kitami, A., and Komori, A. (2013). “Investigation of moisture behavior of high strength concrete and FRP bond by accelerated durability test.” Proc., 11th Int. Symp. on Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Univ. of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal.
Silva, M. A. G., and Biscaia, H. (2008). “Degradation of bond between FRP and RC beams.” Compos. Struct., 85(2), 164–174.
Soudki, K., El-Salakawy, E., and Craig, B. (2007). “Behavior of CFRP strengthened reinforced beams in corrosive environment.” J. Compos. Constr., 291–298.
Tatar, J., Blackburn, P., Weston, C., and Hamilton, H. R. (2013). “Direct shear adhesive bond test.” Proc., 11th Int. Symp. on Fiber Reinforced Polymer for Reinforced Concrete Structures, Univ. of Minho, Guimaraes, Portugal.
Tatar, J., and Hamilton, H. R. (2014). “Effect of moisture on the adhesive bond under direct shear.” Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE 2014), International Institute for FRP in Construction (IIFC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Tatar, J., and Hamilton, H. R. (2015). “Bond durability factor for externally bonded CFRP systems in concrete structures.” J. Compos. Constr., 04015027.
Teng, J. G., Lu, X. Z., Ye, L. P., and Jiang, J. J. (2004). “Recent research on intermediate crack induced debonding in FRP strengthened beams.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials for Bridges and Structures, Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Teng, J. G., Smith, S. T., Yao, J., and Chen, J. F. (2001). “Intermediate crack induced debonding in RC beams and slabs.” Constr. Build. Mater., 17(6–7), 447–462.
Toutanji, H. A., and Gomez, W. (1997). “Durability characteristics of concrete beams externally bonded with FRP composite sheets.” Cem. Concr. Compos., 19(4), 351–358.
Tuakta, C. (2011). “Effects of moisture on debonding in FRP-retrofitted concrete systems.” Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Tuakta, C., and Buyukozturk, O. (2011). “Deterioration of FRP/concrete bond system under variable moisture conditions quantified by fracture mechanics.” Composites: Part B, 42(2), 145–154.
Xie, M., Hoa, S. V., and Xiao, X. R. (1995). “Bonding steel reinforced concrete with composites.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 14(9), 949–964.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 20 • Issue 3 • June 2016
Copyright
© 2015 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Mar 18, 2015
Accepted: Aug 25, 2015
Published online: Oct 29, 2015
Discussion open until: Mar 29, 2016
Published in print: Jun 1, 2016
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.