Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with Near-Surface Mounted Aluminum Alloy Bars under Fully Reversible Cyclic Loads
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 11
Abstract
In this study, an experimental program was conducted to explore the feasibility of using aluminum alloy (AA) bars in the flexural strengthening of reinforced-concrete (RC) beams that are subjected to fully reversible cyclic loads. A total of seven RC beam specimens including one control beam and six RC beams strengthened with near-surface mounted (NSM) 7075 AA bars were fabricated and tested under incrementally increasing reversed cyclic loading. The effects of the NSM reinforcement ratio, anchorage system, groove filling material, and surface treatment of the AA bar on the performance of the strengthened beams were studied. The results were analyzed in terms of failure mechanisms, crack propagation, hysteresis response, skeleton curves, degradation in stiffness and load-carrying capacity, and the energy dissipation capacity of tested beams. It was revealed that application of the NSM AA strengthening technique can enhance the flexural response of RC beams by increasing the strength and energy dissipation capacity and decreasing the stiffness degradation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51868073, 52178106), Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholar in Shaanxi Province (No. 2021JC-26) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 300102281303).
References
Aidoo, J., K. A. Harries, and M. F. Petrou. 2004. “Fatigue behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer-strengthened reinforced concrete bridge girders.” J. Compos. Constr. 8 (6): 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2004)8:6(501).
Al-Saadi, N. T. K., A. Mohammed, and R. Al-Mahaidi. 2017. “Performance of RC beams rehabilitated with NSM CFRP strips using innovative high-strength self-compacting cementitious adhesive (IHSSC-CA) made with graphene oxide.” Compos. Struct. 160: 392–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.10.084.
Aslam, M., P. Shafigh, M. Z. Jumaat, and S. N. R. Shah. 2015. “Strengthening of RC beams using prestressed fiber reinforced polymers – A review.” Constr. Build. Mater. 82: 235–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.051.
ASTM. 2002. Standard specification for high magnesium aluminum-alloy products for marine service and similar environments. ASTM B928/B928M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
Badawi, M., and K. Soudki. 2009. “Flexural strengthening of RC beams with prestressed NSM CFRP rods–Experimental and analytical investigation.” Constr. Build. Mater. 23 (10): 3292–3300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.03.005.
Cairns, J., G. A. Plizzari, and Y. Du. 2005. “Mechanical properties of corrosion-damaged reinforcement.” ACI Mater. J. 102 (4): 256–264. https://doi.org/10.14359/14619.
Ceroni, F. 2010. “Experimental performances of RC beams strengthened with FRP materials.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (9): 1547–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.008.
Cheng, L. J. 2011. “Flexural fatigue analysis of a CFRP form reinforced concrete bridge deck.” Compos. Struct. 93 (11): 2895–2902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.05.014.
Dadi, V. S. K., and P. Agarwal. 2015. “Comparative post-yield performance evaluation of flexural members under monotonic and cyclic loadings based on experimental tests.” Structures 2: 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2015.02.002.
Dalfré, G. M., and J. A. O. Barros. 2013. “NSM technique to increase the load carrying capacity of continuous RC slabs.” Eng. Struct. 56 (11): 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.04.021.
De Lorenzis, L., and A. Nanni. 2001. “Characterization of FRP rods as near-surface mounted reinforcement.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (2): 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:2(114).
De Lorenzis, L., and J. G. Teng. 2007. “Near-surface mounted FRP reinforcement: An emerging technique for strengthening structures.” Composites, Part B 38 (2): 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2006.08.003.
Dias, S. J. E., and J. A. O. Barros. 2010. “Performance of reinforced concrete T beams strengthened in shear with NSM CFRP laminates.” Eng. Struct. 32 (2): 373–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.10.001.
Dias, S. J. E., J. A. O. Barros, and W. Janwaen. 2018. “Behavior of RC beams flexurally strengthened with NSM CFRP laminates.” Compos. Struct. 201: 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.05.126.
Ding, Y., M. Zhang, and C. Zhang. 2011. “Concrete beams strengthened with prestressed near surface mounted helical rib steel wire.” Adv. Mater. Res. 255–260: 99–104. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.255-260.99.
El-Hacha, R., and S. H. Rizkalla. 2004. “Near-surface-mounted fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcements for flexural strengthening of concrete structures.” ACI Struct. J. 101 (5): 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1306/04160403093.
El-Tawil, S., C. Ogunc, A. Okeil, and M. Shahawy. 2001. “Static and fatigue analyses of RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates.” J. Compos. Constr. 5 (4): 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:4(258).
Fischer, G., and V. C. Li. 2003. “Deformation behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC) flexural members under reversed cyclic loading conditions.” ACI Struct. J. 100: 25–35. https://doi.org/10.14359/12436.
Formisano, A., G. De Matteis, and F. M. Mazzolani. 2016. “Experimental and numerical researches on aluminium alloy systems for structural applications in civil engineering fields.” Key Eng. Mater. 710: 256–261. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.710.256.
Hosen, M. A., M. Z. Jumaat, U. J. Alengaram, N. H. R. Sulong, and B. Alsubari. 2019. “Sustainable palm oil fuel ash mortar used as partial adhesive replacement in flexurally strengthened RC beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 226: 507–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.222.
Hosen, M. A., M. Z. Jumaat, and A. B. M. S. Islam. 2015. “Side near surface mounted (SNSM) technique for flexural enhancement of RC beams.” Mater. Des. 83: 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.035.
Hosseini, A., and D. Mostofinejad. 2013. “Experimental investigation into bond behavior of CFRP sheets attached to concrete using EBR and EBROG techniques.” Composites, Part B 51: 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.03.003.
IS (Industry Standard). 2015. Specification for seismic test of buildings. [In Chinese] JGJ/T 101-2015. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Kalayci, A. S., B. Yalim, and A. Mirmiran. 2010. “Construction tolerances and design parameters for NSM FRP reinforcement in concrete beams.” Constr. Build. Mater. 24 (10): 1821–1829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.04.022.
Kim, Y. J., and P. J. Heffernan. 2008. “Fatigue behavior of externally strengthened concrete beams with fiber-reinforced polymers: State of the art.” J. Compos. Constr. 12 (3): 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2008)12:3(246).
Kotynia, R. 2012. “Bond between FRP and concrete in reinforced concrete beams strengthened with near surface mounted and externally bonded reinforcement.” Constr. Build. Mater. 32: 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.104.
Li, Q., D. Niu, Q. Xiao, X. Guan, and S. Chen. 2018. “Experimental study on seismic behaviors of concrete columns confined by corroded stirrups and lateral strength prediction.” Constr. Build. Mater. 162: 704–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.030.
Lu, B., and P. F. Silva. 2006. “Estimating equivalent viscous damping ratio for RC members under seismic and blast loadings.” Mech. Res. Commun. 33 (6): 787–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2006.05.002.
Maghsoudi, A. A., and B. H. Akbarzadeh. 2011. “Acceptable lower bound of the ductility index and serviceability state of RC continuous beams strengthened with CFRP sheets.” Sci. Iran. 18 (1): 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scient.2011.03.005.
Mazzolani, F. M. 1995. Aluminium alloy structures. London: Spon Press.
Mazzolani, F. M. 2006. “Structural applications of aluminium in civil engineering.” Struct. Eng. Int. 16 (4): 280–285. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686606778995128.
Meesaraganda, L. V., P. Saha, and A. I. Laskar. 2018. “Behaviour of self-compacting reinforced concrete beams strengthened with hybrid fiber under static and cyclic loading.” Int. J. Civ. Eng. 16 (2): 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0114-2.
Moein, R. S., and A. A. Tasnimi. 2016. “An analytical model for FRP debonding in strengthened RC beams under monotonic and cyclic loads.” Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater. 10 (4): 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-016-0172-5.
Moein, R. S., A. A. Tasnimi, and M. M. Soltani. 2016. “Flexural performance of RC beams strengthened by bonded CFRP laminates under monotonic and cyclic loads.” Sci. Iran. 23 (1): 66–78. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2016.2098.
Muho, E. V., G. A. Papagiannopoulos, and D. E. Beskos. 2020. “Deformation dependent equivalent modal damping ratios for the performance-based seismic design of plane R/C structures.” Soil. Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 129: 105345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.08.026.
NS (National Standard). 2010. Code for design of concrete structures. [In Chinese.] GB 50010-2010. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
Ou, Y. C., Y. T. T. Susanto, and H. Roh. 2016. “Tensile behavior of naturally and artificially corroded steel bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 103: 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.075.
Peng, H., J. Zhang, C. Cai, and Y. Liu. 2014. “An experimental study on reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed near surface mounted CFRP strips.” Eng. Struct. 79: 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.08.007.
Rabi, M., K. A. Cashella, and R. Shamass. 2019. “Flexural analysis and design of stainless steel reinforced concrete beams.” Eng. Struct. 198: 109432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109432.
Rahal, K. N., and H. A. Rumaih. 2011. “Tests on reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear using near surface mounted CFRP and steel bars.” Eng. Struct. 33 (1): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.09.017.
Rasheed, H. A., J. Abdalla, R. Hawileh, and A. K. Al-Tamimi. 2017. “Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded aluminum alloy plates.” Eng. Struct. 147: 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.05.067.
Sika. 2014. Sikadur®-30 Product data sheet. Adhesive for bonding reinforcement.
Soliman, S. M., E. El-Salakawy, and B. Benmokrane. 2010. “Flexural behaviour of concrete beams strengthened with near surface mounted fibre reinforced polymer bars.” Can. J. Civ. Eng. 37 (10): 1371–1382. https://doi.org/10.1139/L10-077.
Soriano, C., and A. Alfantazi. 2016. “Corrosion behavior of galvanized steel due to typical soil organics.” Constr. Build. Mater. 102: 904–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.009.
Starke, R. E., Jr. 1989. Aluminum alloys-contemporary research and applications. San Diego: Academic Press.
Teng, J. G., L. De Lorenzis, B. Wang, R. Li, T. N. Wong, and L. Lam. 2006. “Debonding failures of RC beams strengthened with near surface mounted CFRP strips.” J. Compos. Constr. 10 (2): 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:2(92).
Totten, G. E., and D. S. MacKenzie. 2003. Handbook of aluminum. Physical metallurgy and processes. New York: Marcel Dekker.
Xing, G., Z. Chang, and Z. Bai. 2018a. “Flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with near-surface-mounted BFRP bars.” Mag. Concr. Res. 70 (11): 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.17.00227.
Xing, G., Z. Chang, and O. E. Ozbulut. 2018b. “Behavior and failure modes of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with NSM GFRP or aluminum alloy bars.” Struct. Concr. 19 (4): 1023–1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201700099.
Xing, G., Z. Chang, and O. E. Ozbulut. 2020. “Feasibility of using aluminum alloy bars as near-surface mounted reinforcement for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams.” Struct. Concr. 21 (4): 1557–1576. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900361.
Xing, G., X. Chen, J. Huang, Y. Zhang, O. E. Ozbulut, and Z. Chang. 2022. “Reinforced concrete beams strengthened in flexure with near-surface mounted 7075 aluminum alloy bars.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (1): 04021242. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003219.
Xing, G., and O. E. Ozbulut. 2016. “Flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with aluminum alloy bars.” Eng. Struct. 126: 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.07.032.
Xing, G., H. Wang, Z. Chang, and K. Ma. 2021. “Prediction of the seismic behavior of concrete beams strengthened with aluminum alloy bars and/or basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 31 (4): e1911. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1911.
Yu, J., W. Zhang, Z. Tang, X. Guo, and S. Pospíšil. 2020a. “Seismic behavior of precast concrete beam-column joints with steel strand inserts under cyclic loading.” Eng. Struct. 216: 110776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110766.
Yu, X., G. Xing, and Z. Chang. 2020b. “Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with near-surface mounted 7075 aluminum alloy bars.” J. Build. Eng. 31: 101393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101393.
Zhang, J., X. Li, W. Cao, and C. Yu. 2019. “Cyclic behavior of steel tube-reinforced high-strength concrete composite columns with high-strength steel bars.” Eng. Struct. 189: 565–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.006.
Zhang, S. S., J. G. Teng, and T. Yu. 2013. “Bond–slip model for CFRP strips near-surface mounted to concrete.” Eng. Struct. 56 (11): 945–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.032.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 11 • November 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 1, 2021
Accepted: Jul 5, 2022
Published online: Sep 1, 2022
Published in print: Nov 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Feb 1, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.