Nondestructive Experimental Measurement, Model Updating, and Fatigue Life Assessment of Çarşamba Suspension Bridge
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27, Issue 2
Abstract
This paper includes the structural condition assessment of a 164-m suspension bridge in accordance with numerical and experimental methods. A finite-element model was developed using SAP2000 software so that the assessment of the bridge could be calculated numerically. The operational modal analysis method was also used to obtain experimental dynamic characteristics. In this context: (i) numerical dynamic characteristics of the bridge were obtained and compared with the experimental dynamic characteristics, (ii) a model updating procedure was carried out to minimize the differences between the numerical and experimental natural frequencies, (iii) static and dynamic analyses of the bridge were carried out by using the initial and updated finite-element models, (iv) fatigue life assessment of the bridge was investigated, and (v) the utility of the bridge for pedestrians and vehicles was checked according to various regulations. The results showed that updating the finite-element model had a significant role to play in the static and dynamic behavior of the bridge. The results also demonstrated that the bridge was designed to be extremely safe against static, dynamic, and fatigue loads. Finally, it was concluded that the bridge investigated behaves as a girder bridge rather than a suspension bridge.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This study was performed by using the measurement system provided by the projects from TUBITAK and Karadeniz Technical University under Research Grant Nos. 106M038, 2005.112.001.1, and 2006.112.001.1, respectively. The author also would like to thank Bünyamin Bektaş and Seyfullah Gündoğdu for the assistance throughout the course of the experimental study and supply of project data.
References
AASHTO 2012. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
Adanur, S., A. C. Altunişik, K. Soyluk, A. Bayraktar, and A. A. Dumanoğlu. 2016. “Multiple-support seismic response of Bosporus Suspension Bridge for various random vibration methods.” Case Stud. Struct. Eng. 5: 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csse.2016.04.001.
Adanur, S., M. Günaydin, A. C. Altunişik, and B. Sevim. 2012. “Construction stage analysis of Humber Suspension Bridge.” Appl. Math. Modell. 36: 5492–5505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.01.011.
Adanur, S., A. S. Mosallam, M. Shinozuka, and L. Gumusel. 2011. “A comparative study on static and dynamic responses of FRP composite and steel suspension bridges.” J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 30 (15): 1265–1279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684411418391.
Altunişik, A. C., F. Y. Okur, A. F. Genç, M. Günaydin, and O. Karahasan. 2018. “Automated model updating effect on the linear and nonlinear dynamic responses of historical masonry structures.” Exp. Tech. 42 (6): 605–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40799-018-0271-0.
Apaydın, N. M. 2010. “Earthquake performance assessment and retrofit investigations of two suspension bridges in Istanbul.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 30 (8): 702–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.02.011.
Apaydın, N. M., and Y. Kaya. 2008. “Free vibration differences between traffic and no traffic condition on suspension bridge.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 1–12. Tokyo: International Association of Earthquake Engineering.
ASCE. 1982. “Committee on fatigue and fracture reliability of the committee on structural safety and reliability of the structural division. Fatigue reliability 1–4.” J. Struct. Div. 108 (1): 3–88.
Bahtin, S., I. Ovchinnikov, and R. Inamov. 1999. Visjachie i vantovie mosti. [In Russian.] Saratov, Russia: Saratov State Technical Univ.
Billing, J. R., and R. Green. 1984. “Design provisions for dynamic loading of highway bridges.” Transp. Res. Rec. 950: 94–103.
Bruno, D., F. Greco, and P. Lonetti. 2009. “A parametric study on the dynamic behavior of combined cable-stayed and suspension bridges under moving loads.” Int. J. Comput. Methods Eng. Sci. Mech. 10 (4): 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502280902939452.
Budynas, R. G., and J. Keith Nisbett. 2015. Shigley’s mechanical engineering design. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Butt, F., and P. Omenzetter. 2014. “Seismic response trends evaluation and finite element model calibration of an instrumented RC building considering soil–structure interaction and non-structural components.” Eng. Struct. 65: 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.01.045.
Cantieni, R. 1983. Dynamic load tests on highway bridges in Switzerland. 60 years of Experience of EMPA. Rep. No. 211. Dübendorf, Switzerland: EMPA.
Chan, T. H., L. Guo, and Z. X. Li. 2003. “Finite element modelling for fatigue stress analysis of large suspension bridges.” J. Sound Vib. 261 (3): 443–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-460X(02)01086-6.
Chen, Z. W., Y. L. Xu, and X. M. Wang. 2012. “SHMS-based fatigue reliability analysis of multiloading suspension bridges.” J. Struct. Eng. 138 (3): 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000460.
Chen, Z. W., Y. L. Xu, Y. Xia, Q. Li, and K. Y. Wong. 2011. “Fatigue analysis of long-span suspension bridges under multiple loading: Case study.” Eng. Struct. 33 (12): 3246–3256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.08.027.
Cheynet, E., J. Snæbjörnsson, and J. B. Jakobsen. 2017. “Temperature effects on the modal properties of a suspension bridge.” In Vol. 2 of Dynamics of Civil Structures, Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, edited by J. Caicedo, and S. Pakzad, 87–93. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
DDS (Data Distribution Service). 2016. FEMtools model updating theoretical manual, version 3.8. Leuven, Belgium: DDS.
Deng, Y., Y. Liu, D. M. Feng, and A. Q. Li. 2015. “Investigation of fatigue performance of welded details in long-span steel bridges using long-term monitoring strain data.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 22 (11): 1343–1358. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1747.
Di, Q., Y. Li, Y. Xing, and X. Hu. 2017. “Modal analysis of the Saint-Bachi suspension aqueduct bridge considering fluid–structure interaction.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (11): 05017010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001126.
Ding, Y., and A. Li. 2011. “Temperature-induced variations of measured modal frequencies of steel box girder for a long-span suspension bridge.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 11 (2): 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-011-2004-4.
Erdoğan, H., and E. Gülal. 2013. “Ambient vibration measurements of the Bosphorus suspension bridge by total station and GPS.” Exp. Tech. 37 (3): 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2011.00723.x.
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2000. Prestandart and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, FEMA 356. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Fujino, Y., M. Abe, H. Shibuya, M. Yanagihara, M. Sato, S.-I. Nakamura, and Y. Sakamoto. 2000. “Forced and ambient vibration tests and vibration monitoring of Hakucho suspension bridge.” Transp. Res. Rec. 1696 (1): 57–63. https://doi.org/10.3141/1696-43.
Gimsing, N. J., and C. T. Georgakis. 2011. Cable supported bridges: Concept and design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Goremikins, V., K. Rocens, D. Serdjuks, and J. Sliseris. 2013. “Simplified method of determination of natural-vibration frequencies of prestressed suspension bridge.” Procedia Eng. 57: 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.04.046.
Grigorjeva, T., and Z. Kamaitis. 2015. “Numerical analysis of the effects of the bending stiffness of the cable and the mass of structural members on free vibrations of suspension bridges.” J. Civ. Eng. Manage. 21 (7): 948–957. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2015.1055787.
Günaydin, M., S. Adanur, and A. C. Altunişik. 2019. “Experimental investigation on acceptable difference value in modal parameters for model updating using RC building models.” Struct. Eng. Int. 29 (1): 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10168664.2018.1517019.
Günaydin, M., S. Adanur, A. C. Altunisik, and B. Sevim. 2012. “Construction stage analysis of Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 42 (4): 489–505. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2012.42.4.489.
Günaydin, M., S. Adanur, A. C. Altunisik, and B. Sevim. 2015. “Static and dynamic responses of Halgavor Footbridge using steel and FRP materials.” Steel Compos. Struct. 18 (1): 51–69. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.1.051.
Günaydin, M., S. Adanur, A. C. Altunişik, B. Sevım, and A. Bayraktar. 2017. “Finite modeling updating effects on the dynamic response of building models.” J. Tes. Eval. 45 (5): 1630–1649. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20150515.
Günaydin, M., S. Adanur, A. C. Altunisik, B. Sevim, and E. Turker. 2014. “Determination of structural behavior of Bosporus suspension bridge considering construction stages and different soil conditions.” Steel Compos. Struct. 17 (4): 405–429.
Guo, T., D. M. Frangopol, D. Han, and Y. Chen. 2011. “Probabilistic assessment of deteriorating prestressed concrete box-girder bridges under increased vehicle loads and aggressive environment.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 25 (6): 564–576. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000174.
Guo, T., A. Li, and H. Wang. 2008. “Influence of ambient temperature on the fatigue damage of welded bridge decks.” Int. J. Fatigue 30 (6): 1092–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2007.08.004.
Guo, T., Z. Liu, J. Correia, and A. M. de Jesus. 2020. “Experimental study on fretting-fatigue of bridge cable wires.” Int. J. Fatigue 131: 105321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105321.
Gwon, S.-G., and D.-H. Choi. 2018. “Static and dynamic analyses of a suspension bridge with three-dimensionally curved main cables using a continuum model.” Eng. Struct. 161: 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.01.062.
Hao, J. 2017. “Natural vibration analysis of long span suspension bridges.” In Proc., Vol. of 135, 2nd Int. Conf. on Civil, Transportation and Environmental Engineering, 193–196. Paris: Atlantis Press.
Haug, E. J., K. K. Choi, and V. Komkov. 1986. Design sensitivity analysis of structural systems. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Hwang, Y. C., S. Kim, and H.-K. Kim. 2020. “Cause investigation of high-mode vortex-induced vibration in a long-span suspension bridge.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 16 (1): 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2019.1604771.
Karmakar, D., S. Ray-Chaudhuri, and M. Shinozuka. 2015. “Finite element model development, validation and probabilistic seismic performance evaluation of Vincent Thomas suspension bridge.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 11 (2): 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2013.863360.
Kilic, S. A., H. J. Raatschen, B. Körfgen, N. M. Apaydin, and A. Astaneh-Asl. 2017. “FE model of the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Suspension Bridge using thin shell finite elements.” Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 42 (3): 1103–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-016-2316-y.
Kim, M. Y., S. D. Kwon, and N. I. Kim. 2000. “Analytical and numerical study on free vertical vibration of shear-flexible suspension bridges.” J. Sound Vib. 238 (1): 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.2000.3079.
Koo, K. Y., J. M. W. Brownjohn, D. I. List, and R. Cole. 2013. “Structural health monitoring of the Tamar suspension bridge.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 20 (4): 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1481.
Li, Z., D. Feng, M. Q. Feng, and X. Xu. 2017. “System identification of the suspension tower of Runyang Bridge based on ambient vibration tests.” Smart Struct. Syst. 19 (5): 523–538. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2017.19.5.523.
Li, Z., A. Li, and J. Zhang. 2010. “Effect of boundary conditions on modal parameters of the Run Yang Suspension Bridge.” Smart Struct. Syst. 6 (8): 905–920. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2010.6.8.905.
Liu, B., and L. G. Sun. 2018. “Modal parameter identification and numerical simulation for self-anchored suspension bridges based on ambient vibration.” In Vol. 38 of 4th Int. Conf. on Energy Materials and Environment Engineering (ICEMEE 2018). E3S Web of Conf. France: EDP Sciences.
Liu, Z., T. Guo, J. Correia, and L. Wang. 2020. “Reliability-based maintenance strategy for gusset plate connections in steel bridges based on life-cost optimization.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil. 34 (5): 04020088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001493.
Liu, Z., T. Guo, L. Huang, and Z. Pan. 2017. “Fatigue life evaluation on short suspenders of long-span suspension bridge with central clamps.” J. Bridge Eng. 22 (10): 04017074. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001097.
Marin, J. 1962. Mechanical behavior of engineering materials. Hoboken, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
OMA. 2006. Structural vibration solution, release 4.0. Computer Software. Aalborg, Denmark.
Pachón, P., R. Castro, E. García-Macías, V. Compan, and E. Puertas. 2018. “E. Torroja’s bridge: Tailored experimental setup for SHM of a historical bridge with a reduced number of sensors.” Eng. Struct. 162: 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.035.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). 2020. PEER strong motion database on line. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California. Accessed May 25, 2020. https://peer.berkeley.edu/peer-strong-ground-motion-databases.
Petrini, F., and F. Bontempi. 2011. “Estimation of fatigue life for long span suspension bridge hangers under wind action and train transit.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 7 (7–8): 491–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2010.493336.
Pourzeynali, S., and T. K. Datta. 2005. “Reliability analysis of suspension bridges against fatigue failure from the gusting of wind.” J. Bridge Eng. 10 (3): 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2005)10:3(262).
Pugsley, S. A. 1968. The theory of suspension bridges. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold.
PULSE. 2006. Analyzers and solutions, release 11.2. Nærum, Denmark: Bruel and Kjaer, Sound and Vibration Measurement A/S.
Ren, W.-X., G. E. Blandford, and I. E. Harik. 2004. “Roebling suspension bridge. I: Finite-element model and free vibration response.” J. Bridge Eng. 9 (2): 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2004)9:2(110).
SAP2000. 2015. Structural analysis program. Berkeley, CA: Computers and Structures Inc.
Seferoğlu, M. T. 2019. “Beton üstü asfalt kaplamalarda oluşan yansıma çatlaklarının incelenmesi.” [In Turkish.] Ph.D. thesis, Karadeniz Technical Univ., Graduate Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences.
Siringoringo, D. M., and Y. Fujino. 2008. “System identification of suspension bridge from ambient vibration response.” Eng. Struct. 30 (2): 462–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.03.004.
Soyöz, S., E. Aytulun, N. Apaydın, S. U. Dikmen, E. Safak, and H. Luş. 2020. “Modal identification of the first Bosporus Bridge during hanger replacement.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 16 (12): 1605–1615. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2020.1717551.
TEC (Turkish Earthquake Code). 2018. Specification for buildings to be built in seismic zones. Disaster and Emergency Management Authority. TEC-2018. Ankara, Turkey: TEC.
TS (Turkish Standards Institution). 2000. Requirements for design and construction of reinforced concrete structures. TS500. Ankara, Turkey: TSI.
TS (Turkish Standards Institution). 2012. Turkish Standards Institute, Urban roads - Structural preventive and sign design criteria on accessibility in sidewalks and pedestrian crossings. TS12576. Ankara, Turkey: TSI.
Wang, H., A. Q. Li, and J. Li. 2010. “Progressive finite element model calibration of a long-span suspension bridge based on ambient vibration and static measurements.” Eng. Struct. 32 (9): 2546–2556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.04.028.
Wang, L., X. Guo, M. Noori, and J. Hua. 2014. “Modal analysis of cable-tower system of twin-span suspension bridge.” J. Vibroeng. 16 (4): 1977–1991.
Wei, F. S. 1992. “Eigen sensitivity analysis with repeated eigenvalues.” In Proc., Vol. 1 of 10th Int. Modal Analysis Conf., 596–600. San Diego: IMAC.
Xiang, H. F., A. R. Chen, and Z. X. Lin. 1998. “An introduction to the Chinese wind-resistant design guideline for highway bridges.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 74–76: 903–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00082-8.
Xu, Y. L., J. M. Ko, and W. S. Zhang. 1997. “Vibration studies of Tsing Ma suspension bridge.” J. Bridge Eng. 2 (4): 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(1997)2:4(149).
Xu, Y. L., T. T. Liu, and W. S. Zhang. 2009. “Buffeting-induced fatigue damage assessment of a long suspension bridge.” Int. J. Fatigue 31 (3): 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2008.03.031.
Xu, Y.-L., Z.-W. Chen, and Y. Xia. 2012. “Fatigue assessment of multi-loading suspension bridges using continuum damage model.” Int. J. Fatigue 40: 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.01.015.
Yi, T., H. Li, and M. Gu. 2010. “Full-scale measurements of dynamic response of suspension bridge subjected to environmental loads using GPS technology.” Sci. China Technol. Sci. 53 (2): 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-010-0051-2.
Zeischska, H., O. Storrer, J. Leuridan, and U. Vandeurzen. 1988. “Calculation of modal parameter sensitivities based on a finite element proportionality assumption.” In Proc., 6th Int. Modal Analysis Conf., Bethel, CT: Society for Experimental Mechanics.
Zhang, J., J. Prader, K. A. Grimmelsman, F. Moon, A. E. Aktan, and A. Shama. 2013. “Experimental vibration analysis for structural identification of a long-span suspension bridge.” J. Eng. Mech. 139 (6): 748–759. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000416.
Zhou, G. D., T. H. Yi, and B. Chen. 2017. “Innovative design of a health monitoring system and its implementation in a complicated long-span arch bridge.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 30 (2): B4016006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000603.
Zhu, Y.-C., S.-K. Au, and J. M. W. Brownjohn. 2019. “Bayesian operational modal analysis with buried modes.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 121: 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2018.11.022.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 27 • Issue 2 • February 2022
Copyright
© 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 22, 2021
Accepted: Oct 20, 2021
Published online: Dec 9, 2021
Published in print: Feb 1, 2022
Discussion open until: May 9, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Shi-Wei Lin, Yan-Liang Du, Ting-Hua Yi, Dong-Hui Yang, Influence lines-based model updating of suspension bridges considering boundary conditions, Advances in Structural Engineering, 10.1177/13694332221126374, 26, 2, (316-328), (2022).
- Wen-ming Zhang, Shi-han Wang, Xiao-fan Lu, An analytical algorithm for deriving the lateral bending’s natural frequencies and modal shapes of a three-tower double-cable suspension bridge, Structures, 10.1016/j.istruc.2022.04.080, 40, (1078-1090), (2022).