Application of Topological Optimization to Bridge Design
Publication: Journal of Bridge Engineering
Volume 18, Issue 8
Abstract
Recently, structural optimization has become an important tool for structural designers, because it allows a better exploitation of material, thus decreasing a structure’s self-weight and saving material costs. Moreover, structural optimization helps the designer to find innovative design solutions and structural forms that not only better exploit material but also give the structure greater aesthetic value from an architectural point of view. In this article, the seismic retrofitting of a bridge originally designed in reinforced concrete is illustrated, showing how lightening the bridge superstructure, rather than reinforcing the already completed foundations and abutments, allowed these latter features to resist greater seismic actions as required in the recent update of the Italian seismic code. Therefore, besides using the steel-concrete composite typology, the bridge superstructure was lightened through structural optimization. After having optimized the thickness of webs and flanges, it was necessary to further lighten the bridge superstructure by removing unexploited material from the bottom flange through the insertion of large cavities. For this purpose, topology optimization is shown to be a powerful tool that allowed the designer to find that the hole shape was basically elliptic, thus suggesting their regularization as ellipses. Comparisons were made between several design solutions, each characterized by a specific volume reduction of the bottom flange. Identification of the highest-performing solutions through computer-aided procedures led to a weight reduction of 40% with respect to the design solution in reinforced concrete. Retrofitting the already existing foundations and abutments to satisfy the updated provisions of the new seismic code was thus avoided by defining an innovative layout of arch bridges with holes in the bottom flange, which has never been used before.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Allahdadian, S., and Boroomand, B. (2010). “Design and retrofitting of structures under transient dynamic loads by a topology optimization scheme.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Seismic Retrofitting, Iranian North-West Retrofitting Center (Iranian Retrofitting Researchers Ins.), Tabriz, Iran, 1–9.
Ansys 11.0 [Computer software]. Canonsburg, PA, Ansys.
Bendsøe, M. P. (1989). “Optimal shape design as a material distribution problem.” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 1(4), 193–202.
Bendsøe, M. P., and Kikuchi, N. (1988). “Generating optimal topologies in structural design using a homogenization method.” Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 71(2), 197–224.
Bendsøe, M. P., and Sigmund, O. (2003). Topology optimization: Theory, methods, and applications, Springer, Berlin.
Burns, S. A. (2002). Recent advances in optimal structural design, ASCE, Reston, VA.
Christensen, P. W., and Klarbring, A. (2008). An introduction to structural optimization, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Edwards, C., Kim, H., and Budd, C. (2007). “An evaluative study on ESO and SIMP for optimising a cantilever tie–beam.” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 34(5), 403–414.
Eschenauer, H. A., and Olhoff, N. (2001). “Topology optimization of continuum structures: A review.” Appl. Mech. Rev., 54(4), 331–381.
European Committee for Standardization (CEN). (2005). “Design of steel structures, part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.” Eurocode 3, Brussels, Belgium.
Huang, X., and Xie, Y. (2008). “Topology optimization of nonlinear structures under displacement loading.” Eng. Struct., 30(7), 2057–2068.
International Federation for Structural Concrete (FIB). (1993). CEB-FIP Model Code 90—Design of concrete structures. Thomas Telford, London.
Majowiecki, M. (2007). “Ethics and structural reliability in free-form design (FFD).” J. Int. Assoc. Shell Spat. Struct., 48(4), 29–50.
Majowiecki, M. (2008). “The free form design (FFD) in steel structural architecture—Aesthetic values and reliability.” Steel Constr., 1(1), 3–15.
Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici. (1990). “Aggiornamento delle Norme Tecniche per la progettazione, la esecuzione e il collauso dei ponti stradali.” Rep. D.M. 4.5.90, Ministero dei Lavori, Pubblici, Rome (in Italian).
Neves, M., Rodrigues, H., and Guedes, J. (1995). “Generalized topology design of structures with a buckling load criterion.” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 10(2), 71–78.
Powell, M. J. D. (1964). “An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives.” Comput. J., 7(2), 155–162.
Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri. (2003). “Primi elementi in materia di criteri generali per la classificazione sismica del territorio nazionale e di normative tecniche per le costruzioni in zona sismica.” OPCM 3274 Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Rome (in Italian).
Rozvany, G. I. N. (2009). “A critical review of established methods of structural topology optimization.” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 37(3), 217–237.
Samartin, A. (1995). “Application of optimization techniques to structural design.” Proc., Int. Symp. Lightweight Structures in Civil Engineering, Magat-Magdalena Burska, Warsaw, Poland 795–804.
Sigmund, O. (2001). “A 99 line topology optimization code written in Matlab.” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 21(2), 120–127.
Stromberg, L. L., Beghini, A., Baker, W. F., and Paulino, G. H. (2010). “Application of layout and topology optimization using pattern gradation for the conceptual design of buildings.” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim., 43(2), 165–180.
Xie, Y., and Steven, G. P. (1992). “Shape and layout optimization via an evolutionary procedure.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Computational Engineering Science, Hong Kong Univ., Hong Kong.
Zordan, T., Briseghella, B., and Mazzarolo, E. (2010). “Structural optimization through step-by-step evolutionary process.” Struct. Eng. Int., 20(1), 72–78.
Zordan, T., Briseghella, B., and Siviero, E. (2006). “Recent trends in the structural refurbishment of existing bridges.” Studi Ric.—Politec. Milano, 26, 41–73.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 20, 2011
Accepted: May 14, 2012
Published online: May 16, 2012
Published in print: Aug 1, 2013
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.