Conservation-Aimed Evaluation of a Historical Aqueduct in İzmir
Publication: Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 25, Issue 2
Abstract
The seventeenth century was the era in which İzmir became an international commercial center in the eastern Mediterranean. The vizier of the era, Köprülü Fazıl Ahmet Paşa, noticed the scarcity of potable water in relation with the increasing population at the center of this harbor city and ordered the construction of an aqueduct on Melez Valley. The Vezirağa Aqueduct was constructed in 1674. This article aims to identify historical, architectural, and structural characteristics of the Vezirağa Aqueduct so that its heritage values and conservations problems can be understood. The geographical and historical characteristics of the Vezirağa Aqueduct are described by taking the effects of site and the sociocultural situation of city into consideration. The architectural characteristics of the aqueduct are prepared by using the site survey data to reveal the current condition and find out the original state. Seismic behavior of the aqueduct is investigated by using two approaches: analytical equivalent static analysis and finite-element analysis. The historical, architectural, and structural characteristics of the Vezirağa Aqueduct prove its historical, documentary, and aesthetic values.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable contributions of Cihat Küçükboyaci, Doğay Korkmaz, Funda Aditatar, Bertan Beylergil, and Eren Bilen to this study.
References
AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Authority). 1996. “Deprem bölgeleri haritası.” Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency. Accessed July 7, 2017. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/deprem-bolgeleri-haritasi.
Akova, E. 2012. “İstanbul’daki tarihi su sistemleri ve Kumrulukemer (Akyar Kemeri) örneğinde bozulma nedenleri, çözüm önerileri” [Historical water supply systems in Istanbul and the causes of deterioration at Kumrulukemer (Akyar Aqueduct) sample, solution suggestions]. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Restoration, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts Univ.
Aktepe, M. M. 1976. “İzmir suları çeşme ve sebilleri ile şadırvanları hakkında bir araştırma” [A research on fountains and cisterns and şadırvans of izmir waters]. Tarih Dergisi 30 (30): 135–200.
Akurgal, M. 2014. “Bayrakl i höyüğü—Smyrna.” İzmir Kültür Turizm. Accessed July 7, 2017. http://www.izmirkulturturizm.gov.tr/Eklenti/9470,bayrakli-hoyugupdf.pdf.
Akyüz Levi, E. 2009. “Kentteki Tarihi Yapılar.” In İzmir kent tarihi, edited by G. Dilemre, 112–215. İzmir, Turkey: Governorship of İzmir Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism.
Anabolu, M. U. 2001. İstanbul ve anadolu’daki roma imparatorluk dönemi mimarl ik yapıtları. 1st ed. İstanbul, Turkey: Arkeoloji ve Sanat.
Arundell, F. V. J. 1834. Vol. 2 of Discoveries in Asia Minor: Including a description of the ruins of several ancient cities, and especially Antioch of Pisidia. London: R. Bentley.
Atila, A. N. 2002. İzmir Demiryolları. Stil Matbaacılık A.Ş., İzmir, Turkey, İzmir Metropolitan Municipality Kent Kitapl iğ i Dizisi, No:36.
Bedon, C., M. Dilena, and A. Morassi. 2016. “Ambient vibration testing and structural identification of a cable-stayed bridge.” Meccanica 51 (11): 2777–2796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-016-0430-2.
Biro, Y. 2000. “İzmir deprem senaryosu ve deprem master planı deprem oluşumları.” İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Accessed July 10, 2015. http://www.izmir.bel.tr/izmirdeprem/.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2003. Design of masonry structures. Eurocode 6. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chandler, R. 1825. Travels in Asia Minor and Greece. 1st ed. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Derin, Z. 2016. “Yeşilova höyük.” Yeşilova. Accessed July 7, 2017. http://yesilova.ege.edu.tr/genel-bilgi.html.
Eliçalışkan, M. 2014. “İzmir iklim ve bitki örtüsü.” Coğrafya Dünyası. Accessed July 14, 2015. http://www.cografya.gen.tr/tr/izmir/iklim.html.
Ercan, E., and A. Nuhoğlu. 2014. “Identification of historical Veziragasi Aqueduct using the operational modal analysis.” Sci. World J. 2014: 518608. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/518608.
Geyik, G. 2007. “İzmir su yapıları (çeşme, Sebil, Şad irvan).” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Art History, Atatürk Üniv.
Gürel, M. A., K. Yenigün, and R. K. Pekgözgöz. 2010. “Out-of-plane seismic analysis of Bozdoğan (Valens) Aqueduct in İstanbul.” Int. J. Phys. Sci. 5 (11): 1660–1670.
Hamilton, W. J. 1842. Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia: With some account of their antiquities and geology. 1st ed. London: J. Murray.
IBB (İzmir Metropolitan Municipality). 2015. “Eski izmir fotoğrafları.” İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Accessed December 16, 2015. http://www.izmir.bel.tr/FotografGalerisi/7/tr.
KOERI (Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute). 2010. “Regional earthquake–tsunami monitoring center.” Boğaziçi Univ., Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute. Accessed July 8, 2015. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/en/.
La Mendola, L., and M. Papia. 1993. “Stability of masonry piers under their own weight and eccentric load.” J. Struct. Eng. 119 (6): 1678–1693. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:6(1678).
Laflı. E. 2011. Geç antik çağda smyrna’nın Su yollarına ilişkin bazı belgeler. II. Diyarbakır, Turkey: Yapıları Sempozyumu.
Lourenço, P. B., G. Vasconcelos, and L. Ramos. 2001. “Assessment of the stability conditions of a cistercian cloister.” Sec. Int. Congr. Stud. Ancient Struct. 2, 669–678.
Ministry of Public Works and Settlement. 2007. “Turkish seismic design code—Specification for buildings to be built in seismic zones.” In Proc., Seventh Nat. Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Ankara, Turkey: Government of Republic of Turkey.
Nohutçu, H., A. Demir, E. Ercan, E. Hokelekli, and G. Altıntaş. 2015. “Investigation of a historic masonry structure by numerical and operational modal analyses.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 24 (13): 821–834. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1213.
Önge, Y. 1997. Türk mimarisinde selçuklu ve osmanl i dönemlerinde Su yapıları. 1st ed. Ankara, Turkey: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
Öziş, U., A. Çördük, A. Kosova, and Y. Özdemir. 1999. “İzmir’in tarihi su getirme sistemleri.” İZSU. Accessed July 21, 2015. http://www.izsu.gov.tr/Pages/standartPage.aspx?id=175.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center). 1940. “El Centro earthquake.” Accessed June 10, 2018. https://ngawest2.berkeley.edu.
Pococke, R. 1743. A description of the east, and some other countries. London: W. Bowyer.
Ramos, L., L. Marques, P. Lourenço, G. De Roeck, A. Campos-Costa, and J. Roque. 2010. “Monitoring historical masonry structures with operational modal analysis: Two case studies.” Mech. Syst. Sig. Process. 24 (5): 1291–1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.01.011.
Riegl, A. 1982. “The modern cult of monuments: Its character and its origin.” In Oppositions 25 (Fall), 21–56. Translated by Kurt W. Forster and Diane Ghirardo. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Salman, M. 2008. “Avasköy aqueduct restoration project.” [In Turkish.] M.S. thesis, Dept. of Architecture, İstanbul Technical Univ.
Storari, L. 1857. Guida con cenni storici di smirne. Torine, Italy: Unione Tipografico Editrice.
Stubbs, J. H. 2009. Time honored: A global view of architectural conservation: Parameters, theory, and evolution of an ethos. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Topçu, S. M. 2010. “Köprülüzade fazıl ahmet paşa’nın bani kişiliği.” Karadeniz (Black Sea-Çernoye More) Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2 (8): 66–68.
Ülker, N. 1994. XVII ve XVIII yüzyillarda İzmir şehri tarihi: Ticaret tarihi araştırmaları. 1st ed. İzmir, Turkey: Akademi Kitabevi.
Ürer, H. 2013. “Su yapıları mimarisi.” In İzmir kent ansiklopedisi, Mimarlık, Birinci cilt, edited by E. Kayın and F. Avcı Özkaban, 186–305. İzmir, Turkey: İzmir Metropolitan Municipality.
Vasconcelos, F. M. 2005. “Experimental investigations on the mechanics of stone masonry: Characterization of granites and behavior of ancient masonry shear walls.” Ph.D. thesis, Escola de Engenharia, Univ. do Minho.
Weber, G. 2011. İzmir’in Su yolları [Die wasserleitunden von smyrna I–II]. 1st ed. Translated by İlhan Pınar. İzmir, Turkey: İzmir Metropolitan Municipality, Mono Matbaacılık Ambalaj Sanayi.
Yılmaz, F., and S. Yetkin. 2003. “İzmir kent tarihi.” In Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education, İzmir Provincial Directorate for National Education. 2nd ed. İzmir, Turkey: İzmir Metropolitan Municipality.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Architectural Engineering
Volume 25 • Issue 2 • June 2019
Copyright
© 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 30, 2017
Accepted: Nov 1, 2018
Published online: Apr 1, 2019
Published in print: Jun 1, 2019
Discussion open until: Sep 1, 2019
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.