Long-Term Compression Performance of a Pultruded GFRP Element Exposed to Concrete Pore Water Solution
Publication: Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 11, Issue 4
Abstract
A durability study was performed on a pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) compression element of a hybrid GFRP/steel joint for concrete structures. GFRP elements were immersed in alkaline pore water solutions of different temperatures during . Moisture uptake occurred very quickly, within a few days, mainly through a wicking effect along the fiber/matrix interfaces and matrix cracks. The loss of matrix stiffness due to swelling led to a first rapid and significant drop in element compression strength, because of the loss of matrix resistance against buckling of the compressed fibers. In the second phase, strength reduction due to chemical glass and matrix degradation occurred at a much slower rate. It was found that the Arrhenius rate law could predict the element strength decrease. Due to the less harsh environment in practice, the strength and stiffness decrease was found to be acceptable, thereby making it possible to assure structural safety and serviceability of the hybrid GFRP/steel joint after of service.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers would like to thank the Swiss Innovation Promotion Agency (Contract No. UNSPECIFIED6278.1KTS) and SFS Locher AG (Switzerland) for supporting this research.
References
Abeysinghe, H., Edwards, W., Pritchard, G., and Swampillai, G. J. (1982). “Degradation of crosslinked resins in water and electrolyte solutions.” Polymer, 23(12), 1785–1790.
Adams, P. (1984). “Glass corrosion, a record of the past? A predictor of the future?” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 67(1–3), 193–205.
Adda, Y., and Philibert, J. (1966). La diffusion dans les solides, Vol. 1. Saclay: Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, Saclay, France.
Anon. (2003). Swiss Code SIA 262: Betonbau. Schweizerischer Ingenieur und Architektenverein (SIA), Zürich, Switzerland.
Anon. (2005a). The Fiberline design manual, 2nd Ed., ⟨http://www.fiberline.com⟩, Fiberline Composites A/S, Kolding, Denmark, (Apr. 18, 2005).
Anon. (2005b). Information brochure / price list–isolan and isolan plus, Register 8, ⟨http://www.sfslocher.biz/web/sfsloh_d.nsf/vwFraSet/bausysteme⟩, SFS Locher (Apr. 18, 2005).
Apicella, A., Migliaresia, C., Nicodemoa, L., Nicolaisa, L., Iaccarinob, L., and Roccotelli, S. (1982). “Water sorption and mechanical properties of a glass-reinforced polyester resin.” Composites, 13(4), 406–410.
Ashbee, K., Frank, F., and Wyatt, R. (1967). “Water damage in polyester resins.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 300(1463), 415–419.
Ashbee, K., and Wyatt, R. (1969). “Water damage in glass fibre/resin composites.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 312(1511), 553–564.
Bank, L., Gentry, T., Thompson, B., and Russel, J. (2003). “A model specification for FRP composites for civil engineering structures.” Constr. Build. Mater., 17(6–7), 405–437.
Chen, Y., Davalos, J. F., and Ray, I. (2006). “Durability prediction for GFRP reinforcing bars using short-term data of accelerated aging tests.” J. Compos. Constr., 10(4), 279–286.
Chin, J. W., Aouadi, K., Haight, M. R., Hughes, W. L., and Nguyen, T. (2001). “Effects of water, salt solution and simulated concrete pore solution on the properties of composite matrix resins used in civil engineering applications.” Polym. Compos., 22(2), 282–297.
Chu, W., and Karbhari, V. (2005). “Effect of water sorption on performance of pultruded e-glass/vinylester composites.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 17(1), 63–71.
Dejke, V. (2001). “Durability of FRP reinforcement in concrete—literature review and experiments.” Ph.D. thesis, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
Gerritse, A. (1992). “Durability criteria for non-alkaline tendons in an alkaline environment.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montréal, 129–137.
Keller, T., Riebel, F., and Zhou, A. (2006). “Multifunctional hybrid GFRP/steel joint for concrete slab structures.” J. Compos. Constr., 10(6), 550–560.
Lanford, W., Davis, K., Lamarche, P., Laursen, T., and Groleau, R. (1979). “Hydration of soda-lime glass.” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 33(2), 249–266.
Liao, K., Schultheisz, C., and Hunston, D. (1999). “Effects of environmental aging on the properties of pultruded GFRP.” Composites, Part B, 30(5), 485–493.
Litherland, K., Oakley, D., and Proctor, B. (1981). “The use of accelerated aging procedures to predict the long term strength of GRC composites.” Cem. Concr. Res., 11(3), 455–466.
Paul, A., and Youssefi, A. (1978). “Alkaline durability of some silicate glasses containing CaO, FeO and MnO.” J. Mater. Sci., 13(1), 97–107.
Phani, K., and Bose, N. (1987). “Temperature dependence of hydrothermal ageing of CSM-laminate during water immersion.” Compos. Sci. Technol., 29(2), 79–87.
Phifer, S., and Lesko, J. (2002). “Moisture absorption and strength characterization of hygrothermally aged neat and clay filled vinyl ester and pultruded vinyl ester e-glass laminates.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Durability of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction (CDCC’02), Univ. de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, 485–497.
Post, N., Riebel, F., Zhou, A., Lesko, J., Case, S., and Keller, T. (2007). “Investigation of 3D moisture diffusion coefficients and damage in a pultruded E-glass/polyester structural composite.” J. Compos. Mater., in press.
Prian, L., and Barkatt, A. (1999). “Degradation mechanism of fiber-reinforced plastics and its implications to prediction of long-term behavior.” J. Mater. Sci., 34(16), 3977–3989.
Pritchard, G., and Speake, S. (1987). “The use of water absorption kinetic data to predict laminate property changes.” Composites, 18(3), 227–232.
Scholze, H. (1982). “Chemical durability of glasses.” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 52(1–3), 91–103.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Composites for Construction
Volume 11 • Issue 4 • August 2007
Pages: 437 - 447
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Apr 18, 2006
Accepted: Aug 9, 2006
Published online: Aug 1, 2007
Published in print: Aug 2007
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.