Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting and Other Wastewater Compounds during Water Treatment with Case Studies from Lincoln, Nebraska and Berlin, Germany
Publication: Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management
Volume 7, Issue 4
Abstract
Research on the fate and transport of endocrine-disrupting compounds and other organic wastewater compounds released into the environment and their potential presence in drinking water is in its infancy. Studies conducted during the last decade in Lincoln, Nebraska, and Berlin, Germany, indicate that removal of less polar compounds probably can be obtained through bank filtration, ground-water enrichment, and additional drinking-water and wastewater treatment processes. Polar compounds, such as atrazine and some metabolites, occur in drinking water obtained from contaminated surface water or ground water, but at concentrations generally lower than those occurring in wastewater and surface water. The results of the studies also suggest that concentrations of nonpolar estrogenic compounds decrease during drinking-water pretreatment processes such as bank filtration and ground-water enrichment.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Adler, P., Steger-Hartmann, Th., and Kalbfus, W.(2001). “Distribution of natural and synthetic estrogenic steroid hormones in water samples from southern and middle Germany.” Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 29, 227–241.
Alley, W. M., Healy, R. W., LaBaugh, J. W., and Reilly, T. E.(2002). “Flow and storage in groundwater systems.” Science, 296, 1985–1990.
Arnold, S. F., Klotz, D. M., Collins, B. M., Vonier, P. M., Guilette, J. R., and McLachlan, J. A.(1996). “Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor with combinations of environmental chemicals.” Science, 272, 1589–1492.
Balinova, A. M.(1997). “Acetochlor—A comparative study on parameters governing the potential for water pollution.” J. Environ. Sci. Health., B32(5), 645–658.
Baronti, C., Curini, R., D’Ascenzo, G., Di Corcia, A., Gentili, A., and Samperi, R.(2000). “Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in a receiving river water.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 34(24), 5059.
Belfroid, A. C., Van der Horst, A., Vethaak, A. D., Schäfer, A. J., Rijs, G. B. J., Wegener, J., and Cofino, W. P.(1999). “Analysis and occurrence of estrogenic hormones and their glucuronides in surface water and waste water in The Netherlands.” Sci. Total Environ., 225, 101–108.
Boyd, R. A.(2000). “Herbicides and herbicide degradates in shallow groundwater and the Cedar River near a municipal well field, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.” Sci. Total Environ., 248, 241–253.
Brauch, H. J., Sacher, F., Denecke, E., and Tacke, T.(2000). “Wirksamkeit der Uferfiltration fur die Entfernung von polaren organischen Spurenstoffen. [Efficiency of bank filtration for the removal of polar organic tracer compounds.] gwf (Gas- und Wasserfach).” Wasser Abwasser, 14(1/4), 226–234 (in German).
Burkart, M. R., Kolpin, D. W., and James, D. E.(1999a). “Assessing groundwater vulnerability to agrichemical contamination in the Midwest U.S.” Water Sci. Technol., 39(3), 103–112.
Burkart, M. R., Kolpin, D. W., Jaquis, R. J., and Cole, K. J.(1999b). “Groundwater quality—Agrichemicals in groundwater of the midwestern USA: Relations to soil characteristics.” J. Environ. Qual., 28, 1908–1915.
Christensen, F. M.(1998). “Pharmaceuticals in the environment: A human risk.” Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 28, 212–221.
Crites, R. W. (1985). “Micropollutant removal in rapid infiltration.” Artificial recharge of groundwater, T. Asano, ed., Butterworth, Boston, Chap. 16, 579–608.
Desbrow, C., Routledge, E. J., Brighty, G. C., Sumpter, J. P., and Waldock, M.(1998). “Identification of estrogenic chemicals in STP Effluent I: Chemical fractionation and in vitro biological screening.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 1549–1558.
Dieter, H. H., and Grohmann, A. (2003). “Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Stoffen im Trinkwasser bei zeitlich begrenzter Grenzwertüberschreitung.” Die trinkwasserverordnung—einführung und erläuterungen für wasserverordnungsunternehmen und überwachungsbehörden, 4th Ed., A. Grohmann, U. Hässelbarth, and W. Schwerdtfeger, eds., Erich Schmidt Verlag, Berlin, 115–125 (in German).
European Union. (1998). “European Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption.” Official J. L 330, 05/12/1998, 0032–0054.
Galloway, D. L., Alley, W. M., Barlow, P. M., Reilly, T. E., and Tucci, P. (2003). “Evolving issues and practices in managing ground-water resources—Case studies on the role of science.” U.S. Geological Survey Circular, 1247, 31–35 (in press).
Ghijsen, R. T., and Hoogenboezem, W. (2000). “Endocrine disrupting compounds in the Rhine and Meuse Basin—Occurrence in surface, process, and drinking water, Subproject of the National Research Project on the occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds.” Association of River Waterworks-RIWA, De Eendracht, Schiedam, The Netherlands.
Gollnitz, W. D., Cossins, F., Hartman, D., and Demarco, J. (1997). “Impact of induced infiltration on microbial transport in an alluvial aquifer.” Proc., Water Quality Technology Conf., Denver, American Water Works Association, Denver.
Grischek, T., Nestler, W., Dehnert, J., and Neitzel, P. (1994). “Groundwater/river interaction in the Elbe River in Saxony.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Groundwater Ecol., 309–318.
Heberer, Th.(2002a). “Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment: a review of recent research data.” Toxicol. Lett., 131, 5–17.
Heberer, Th.(2002b). “From municipal sewage to drinking water—Occurrence and fate of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic system of Berlin.” J. Hydrol., 266, 175–189.
Heberer, Th., Dünnbier, U., Reilich, Ch., and Stan, H. J.(1997). “Detection of drugs and drug metabolites in groundwater samples of a drinking water treatment plant.” Fresenius Environ. Bull., 6, 438–443.
Heberer, Th., Reddersen, K., and Mechlinski, A.(2002). “From municipal sewage to drinking water: Fate and removal of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment in urban areas.” Water Sci. Technol., 46, 81–88.
Heberer, Th., and Stan, H. J.(1996). “Vorkommen von polaren organischen Kontaminanten im Berliner Trinkwasser.” Vom Wasser, 86, 19–31 (in German).
Heberer, Th., and Stan, H. J.(1997). “Determination of clofibric acid and N-(Phenylsulfonyl)-sarcosine in sewage, river and drinking water.” Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 67, 113–124.
Heberer, Th., Verstraeten, I. M., Meyer, M. T., Mechlinski, A., and Reddersen, K. (2001). “Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals during bank filtration—Preliminary results from investigations in Germany and United States.” R. W. Masters, Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting chemicals: Emerging contaminants in drinking water, National Ground Water Association, 2nd Int. Conf. on Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in Water, Minneapolis, October 9–11, 2001, Water-Resources Update, The University Council on Water Resources, 120, 4–17.
Hirsch, R., Ternes, T. A., Haberer, K., Melich, A., Ballwanz, F., and Kratz, K. L.(1998). “Determination of antibiotics in different water compartments via liquid chromatography—Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.” J. Chromatogr., A, 815, 213–223.
Huang, C. H., and Sedlak, D. L.(2001). “Analysis of estrogenic hormones in municipal wastewater effluent and surface water using enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.” Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 133–139.
Johnson, A. C., and Sumpter, J. P.(2001). “Removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in activated sludge treatment works.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 4697–4703.
Kolpin, D. W., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurman, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L. B., and Buxton, H. T.(2002). “Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000: Methods, development and national reconnaissance.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 1202–1211.
Kuch, H. M., and Ballschmiter, K.(2001). “Determination of endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds and estrogens in surface and drinking water by HRGC-(NCI)-MS in the pictogram per liter range.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3201–3206.
Kuehn, W., and Mueller, U. (2000). “River bank filtration—An overview.” J. AWWA,December, 60–69.
KWB (2002). First pregress report, Natural and Artificial Systems for Recharge and Infiltration (NASRI), available at the Berlin Centre of Competence for Water, ⥺www.kompetenz-wasser.de/projects/nasri〉.
Lai, K. M., Johnson, K. L., Scrimshaw, M. D., and Lester, J. N.(2000). “Binding of waterborne steroid estrogens to solid phases in river and estuarine systems.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3890–3894.
LUA. (2002). “Ökotoxikologische Bewertung von Humanarzneimitteln in aquatischen Ökosystemen.” Studien und Tagungsberichte, Band 39, Landesumweltamt Brandenburg, Mai 2002, Potsdam/Frankfurt (Oder), Germany (in German).
Mathys, W.(1994). “Pestizidbelastungen von Grund- und Trinkwässern durch die Prozesse der künstlichen Grundwasseranreicherung oder der Uferfiltration: unterschätzte Kontaminationsquellen [Pesticide pollution of ground and public drinking waters caused by artificial groundwater recharge or bank filtration—Underestimated sources for water contamination].” Zentralbl Hyg. Umweltmed., 196(4), 338–359 (in German).
Putchew, A., Wischnack, S., and Jekel, M.(2000). “Occurrence of triiodated x-ray contrast agents in the aquatic environment.” Sci. Total Environ., 255, 129–134.
Reddersen, K., Heberer, Th., and Dünnbier, U.(2002). “Occurrence and identification of phenazone drugs and their metabolites in ground- and drinking water.” Chemosphere, 49, 539–545.
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 Public Law 104–182, August 6 (1996).
Schaffner, C., Ahel, M., and Giger, W.(1987). “Field studies on the behaviour of organic micropollutants during infiltration of river water to groundwater.” Water Sci. Technol., 19, 1195–1196.
Snyder, S. A., Villeneuve, D. L., Snyder, E. M., and Giesy, J. P.(2001). “Identification and quantification of estrogen receptor agonists in wastewater effluents.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 35, 3620–3625.
Sonnenschein, C., Soto, A. M., Fernandez, M. F., Olea, N., Olea-Serano, M. F., and Ruiz-Lorez, M. D.(1995). “Development of marker of estrogenic exposure in human serum.” Clin. Chem., 41, 1888–1895.
Spengler, P., Körner, W., and Metzger, J. W.(1999). “Schwer abbaubare Substanzen mit östrogenartiger Wirkung im Abwasser von kommunalen und industriellen Kläranlagenabläufen. [Hardly degradable substances with estrogenic activity in effluents of municipal and industrial sewage plants].” Vom Wasser, 93, 141–157 (in German).
Springer, A. E., and Bair, E. S.(1998). “Natural-gradient transport of bromide, atrazine, and alachlor in an organic carbon-rich aquifer.” J. Environ. Qual., 27, 1200–1208.
Ternes, T. A. (2001). “Pharmaceuticals and metabolites as contaminants of the aquatic environment.” Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: Scientific and regulatory issues, C. G. Daughton and T. Jones-Lepp, eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 39–54.
Ternes, T. A., Andersen, H., Gilberg, D., and Bonerz, M.(2002a). “Determination of estrogens in sludge and sediments by liquid extraction and GC/MS/MS.” Anal. Chem., 74, 3498–3504.
Ternes, T. A., Kreckel, P., and Mueller, J.(1999a). “Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants. II: Aerobic batch experiments with activated sludge.” Sci. Total Environ., 225, 91–99.
Ternes, T. A., Meisenheimer, M., McDowell, D., Sacher, F., Brauch, H. J., Haist-Gulde, B., Preuss, G., Wilme, U., and Zulei-Ziebert, N.(2002b). “Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking-water treatment.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3855–3863.
Ternes, T. A., Stumpf, M., Mueller, J., Haberer, K., Wilken, R.-D., and Servos, M.(1999b). “Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants. I: Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil.” Sci. Total Environ., 225, 81–90.
Thorpe, K. L., Cummings, R. I., Hutchinson, Th. H., Scholze, M., Brighty, G., Sumpter, J. P., and Tyler, Ch. R. (2003). “Relative potencies and combination effects of steroidal estrogens in fish.” Environ. Sci. Technol., in press.
TrinkwV. (2001). “German drinking water regulation: Verordnung über die Qualität von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch (Trinkwasserverordnung—TrinkwV 2000, effective from January 1, 2003).” February 16, 2001.
Tufenkji, N., Ryan, J. N., and Elimelech, M.(2002). “Bank filtration—A simple clean up technology may inexpensively clean up poor quality raw surface water.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 423A–428A.
UBA (German Environmental Agency). (2003). “Empfehlung der Trinkwasserkommission zur Einschätzung von nicht oder nur teilbewertbarer Stoffe im Trinkwasser aus regulatorischer Sicht.” Bundesgesundhbl, in press.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water. (1998). “Announcement of the drinking water contaminant candidate list.” Federal Register 63:10274 (March 2, 1998).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2002a). “National primary drinking water regulations.” EPA 816-F-02-013, July 2002.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2002b). “40 CFR Part 141, National primary drinking water regulations; Announcement of the results of EPA’s review of existing drinking water standards and request for public comment; Proposed rule.” Federal Register, April 17, 2002, 67(74): 19029–19090.
Verstraeten, I. M., Carr, J. D., Steele, G. V., Thurman, E. M., and Dormedy, D. F.(1999). “Surface-water/ground-water interaction—Herbicide transport into municipal collector wells.” J. Environ. Qual., 28(5), 1396–1405.
Verstraeten, I. M., Heberer, Th., and Scheytt, T. (2003). “Occurrence, transport, and fate of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial products, and personal care products at river bank filtration sites.” Riverbank filtration: Improving source water quality, C. Ray, G. Melin, and R. B. Linsky, eds., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 175–227.
Verstraeten, I. M., Thurman, E. M., Lee, E. C., and Smith, R. D.(2002). “Degradation of triazines and acetamide herbicides by bank filtration, ozonation, and chlorination in a public water supply.” J. Hydrol., 266(3-4), 190–208.
Xiao, Xiao-Yao, McCalley, D. V., and McEvoy, J.(2001). “Analysis of estrogens in river water and effluents using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-negative chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of the pentafluorbenzoyl derivates.” J. Chromatogr., A, 923, 195–204.
Zaugg, S. D., Smith, S. G., Schroeder, M. P., Barber, L. B., and Burkhardt, M. R. (2002). “Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Laboratory—Determination of wastewater compounds by polystyrene-divinylbenzene solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.” U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Rep., 01-4186, Denver.
Zimmerman, L. R., Hostetler, K. A., and Thurman, E. M. (2000). “Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group—Determination of chloroacetanilide herbicide metabolites in water using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.” U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Rep., 00-182, Denver.
Zimmerman, L. R., and Thurman, E. M. (1999). “Method of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group—Determination of triazine and chloroacetanilide herbicides in water by solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring.” U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Rep., 98–634, Denver.
Zuehlke, S., Duennbier, U., and Heberer, Th. (2003). “Determination of estrogenic steroids in drinking, surface and wastewater by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.” J. Separation Sci., in press.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management
Volume 7 • Issue 4 • October 2003
Pages: 253 - 263
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 9, 2003
Accepted: Jun 9, 2003
Published online: Sep 15, 2003
Published in print: Oct 2003
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.