Evaluation of Color Changes in Sewage Sludge Ash Brick by Using Image Analysis Method
Publication: Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management
Volume 7, Issue 4
Abstract
Quantifying the surface color changes by digital image analysis to assess the quality of the sewage sludge brick is investigated. Relationships among the firing temperatures, percent weight of incinerated sludge ash added, and changes to red, green, and blue of the sludge bricks are studied. Indices, deduced from those relationships, while assessing the quality of the sludge brick are evaluated. This research involves testing the specimens of sludge brick under different firing temperatures, using a digital camera to capture images of the tested specimens and uploading them to the personal computer, and applying the “image color intensity analyzer” to the images in order to calculate the intensities of red, green, and blue. Among them, results show that red has the highest intensity, followed by green, then blue in RGB color space. Additionally, for HSI color space, hue (H) decreases, while saturation (S) increases with rising temperatures before 800°C. Thereafter, sudden increases and decreases occur for H and S at 1,000°C, respectively. It is suggested that a firing temperature of 800°C or higher is better in brickmaking.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
AASHTO. (1982). “AASHTO T-99 standard test methods for moisture-density relations of soils and soil-aggregate mixtures using 5.5 lb rammer and 12 in. drop.” Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing, Part II, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C.
Alleman, J. E., Bryan, E. H., Stumm, T. A., Marlow, W. W., and Hocevar, R. C.(1990). “Sludge-amended brick production: applicability for metal-laden residues.” Water Sci. Technol., 22(12), 309–317.
Chinese National Standard (CNS) Catalog. (1999). “CNS 1127 method of test for general types of bricks for building.” CNS Catalog, R3042 Ceramic Industry, Pottery Wares, Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of China.
Dwivedi, R. S., and Sreenivas, K.(1998). “Image transforms as a tool for the study of soil salinity and alkalinity dynamics.” Int. J. Remote Sens., 19(4), 605–619.
Gonzalez, R. C., and Woods, R. F. (1992). Digital image processing, Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass.
Hoy, D. E. P.(1997). “In the use of color imaging in experimental applications.” Exp. Tech., 21(4), 17–19.
Lin, D. F., Luo, H. L., Wang, Y. Z., and Gao, J. S. (2000). “The design of windows in applying to assess the fire-damaged by using image analy-sis.” Proc., 12th Conf. on Military Engineering, Chung Chen Institute of Technology, Tao Yang, Taiwan, 93–102.
Lin, D. F., and Weng, C. H.(2001). “Use of sewage sludge ash as brick material.” J. Environ. Eng., 127(10), 922–927.
Luo, H. L., Lin, D. F., and Lee, J. R. (2002). “The design and application of windows to the assessment of fire-damaged specimens of sand and cement mortar using digital image process.” Proc., 9th Int. Conf. on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, The International Society for Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, 189–194.
Mattsson, U., Jonsson, A., Jontell, M., and Cassuto, J.(1996). “Digital image analysis (DIA) of colour changes in human skin exposed to standardized thermal injury and comparison with laser Doppler measurements.” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., 50(1), 31–42.
Okuno, N., and Takahashi, S.(1997). “Full scale application of manufacturing bricks from sewage.” Water Sci. Technol., 36(11), 243–250.
The Pottery Research Association in Republic of China. (1992). Technology in manufacturing ceramics-ceramics brick, The Pottery Research Association in Republic of China, Taipei, Tawain, 150–151.
Tamai, M., Yoshida, K., and Kuromatsu, A. (1999). “Reduction in environmental load with eco-cement and porous concrete.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Cleaner Production and Sustainable Development ’99, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Environmental Protection Administration Government of the Republic of China, Taipei, Taiwan, 20–33.
Tay, J. H.(1987). “Bricks manufactured from sludge.” J. Environ. Eng., 113(2), 278–284.
Tay, J. H., and Show, K. Y. (1999). “Constructive sludge disposal option converting sludge into innovative civil engineering materials.” Proc., 7th Int. Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) Asia-Pacific Regional Conf., IAWQ, Taipei, Taiwan, 1023–1028.
Trauner, E. J.(1993). “Sludge ash bricks fired to above and below ash-vitrifying temperature.” J. Environ. Eng., 119(3), 506–519.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (1992). Test methods for evaluating solid waste physical/chemical methods, SW-846 3rd Ed. Method 1311.
Wang, K. S., Lin, K. L., Chang, Y. S., and Huang, Z. Q.(1999). “The sintering characteristics of incinerator residues from municipal sewage sludge.” Environ. Prot., 22(1), 59–70.
Weng, C. H., and Lin, D. F. (2000). “Utilization of biosolid ash as tile materials.” Proc., Critical Technologies to the World in 21st Century: Pollution Control and Reclamation in Process Industries, Beijing, IAWQ, Beijing, 142–151.
Zhou, Q. L., and Shieh, S. M. (1995). “The study of manufacturing bricks by metal sludge and red clay.” Proc., 10th Conf. on Waste Treatment, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 479–484.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 26, 2002
Accepted: Jun 9, 2003
Published online: Sep 15, 2003
Published in print: Oct 2003
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.