Lateral and Upward Soil-Pipeline Interactions in Sand for Deep Embedment Conditions
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 130, Issue 8
Abstract
The soil–pipeline interactions in sand under lateral and upward movements are investigated with particular attention to the peak forces exerted on the pipe. The analytical solutions for estimating the peak forces are summarized and it is shown that, for deep embedment condition, there is large uncertainty in the true values since the bounds established by the analytical solutions are large. In order to find the solution for the peak force and to investigate its transition from shallow to deep failure mechanism, finite element analyses of lateral and upward pipe movements are performed for different embedment conditions. Two different soil models (Mohr–Coulomb and Nor–Sand models) are used for the simulations. The accuracy of the analysis is first examined by simulating experimental tank tests. The analysis is further extended to deeper embedment ratios of as large as 100. The obtained finite element results are used to construct a design chart for deep embedded pipelines.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
ASCE. (1984). “Guidelines for the seismic design of oil and gas pipeline systems.” Committee on Gas and Liquid Fuel Lifelines, ASCE Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, New York.
Audibert, J. M. E., and Nyman, K. J.(1977). “Soil restraint against horizontal motion of pipes.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 103(10), 1119–1142.
Banerjee, P. K., Stipo, A. S., and Yousif, N. B. (1985). “A theoretical and experimental investigation of the behaviour of anisotropically consolidated clay.” Developments in soil mechanics and foundation engineering-2, Elsevier Science, New York.
Been, K., and Jefferies, M. G.(1985). “A state parameter for sands.” Geotechnique, 35(2), 99–112.
Been, K., Jefferies, M. G., and Hackey, J.(1991). “The critical state of sands.” Geotechnique, 41(3), 365–381.
Biarez, J., Boucraut, L.-M., and Negre, R. (1965). “Limiting equilibrium of vertical barriers subjected to translation and rotation forces.” Proc., 6th ICSMFE, Vol. 2, pp. 368–372.
Bolton, M. D.(1986). “The strength and dilatancy of sands.” Geotechnique, 36(1), 65–78.
Dickin, E. A.(1988). “Uplift behavior of horizontal anchor plates in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng., 114(11), 1300–1317.
Dickin, E. A., and Leung, C. F.(1983). “Centrifugal model tests on vertical anchor plates.” J. Geotech. Eng., 109(12), 1503–1525.
Dickin, E. A., and Leung, C. F.(1985). “Evaluation of design methods for vertical anchor plates.” J. Geotech. Eng., 111(4), 500–520.
Duncan, J. M. (1980). “Hyperbolic stress–strain relationships.” Proc., ASCE Workshop on Limit Equilibrium, Plasticity, and Generalized Stress-Strain in Geotechnical Engineering, New York, 443–460.
Hansen, J. B. (1961). “The ultimate resistance of rigid piles against transversal forces.” Bulletin No. 12, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 5–9.
Hansen, J. B. (1970). “A revised and extended formula for bearing capacity.” Bulletin No. 28, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hardin, B. O., and Black, W. L.(1966). “Sand stiffness under various triaxial stresses.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 92(2), 27–42.
Hibbitt, Karlsson, and Sorensen, Inc. (HKS). (1998). ABAQUS/standard user’s manual: Version 5.8, Vols. I, II, III.
Jefferies, M. G.(1993). “Nor–Sand: A simple critical state model for sand.” Geotechnique, 43(1), 91–103.
Meyerhof, G. G., and Adams, J. I.(1968). “The ultimate uplift capacity of foundations.” Can. Geotech. J., 5(4), 225–244.
Murray, E. J., and Geddes, J. D.(1987). “Uplift of anchor plates in sand.” J. Geotech. Eng., 113(3), 202–215.
Neely, W. J., Stuart, J. G., and Graham, J.(1973). “Failure loads of vertical anchor plates in sand.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 99(9), 669–685.
Oversen, N. K. (1964). “Anchor slabs, calculation methods, and model tests.” Bulletin No. 16, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1–39.
Oversen, N. K., and Strømann, H. (1972). “Design method for vertical anchor slabs in sand.” Proc., Specialty Conf. on Performance of Earth and Earth-Supported Structures, ASCE, New York, Vol. 1, 1481–1500.
Rowe, R. K., and Davis, E. H.(1982). “The behaviour of anchor plates in sand.” Geotechnique, 32(1), 25–41.
Schofield, A. N., and Wroth, C. P. (1968). Critical state soil mechanics, McGraw–Hill, New York.
Trautmann, C. H., and O’Rourke, T. D. (1983). “Behavior of pipe in dry sand under lateral and uplift loading.” Geotechnical Engineering Report 83-7, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
Trautmann, C. H., and O’Rourke, T. D.(1985). “Lateral force–displacement response of buried pipe.” J. Geotech. Eng., 111(9), 1077–1092.
Trautmann, C. H., O’Rourke, T. D., and Kulhawy, F. H.(1985). “Uplift force–displacement response of buried pipe.” J. Geotech. Eng., 111(9), 1061–1076.
Turner, J. P., and Kulhawy, F. H. (1987). “Experimental analysis of drilled shaft foundations subjected to repeated axial loads under drained conditions.” Rep. to Electric Power Research Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.
Vermeer, P. A., and Sutjiadi, W. (1985). “The uplift resistance of shallow embedded anchors.” Proc., 11th ICSMFE, San Francisco, Vol. 3, 1635–1638.
Vesic, A. S.(1971). “Breakout resistance of objects embedded in ocean bottom.” J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 97(9), 1183–1205.
White, D. J., Barefoot, A. J., and Bolton, M. D.(2001). “Centrifuge modeling of upheaval buckling in sand.” Int. J. Phys. Model. Geotech., 1(2), 19–28.
Yoshima, Y., and Kishida, T.(1981). “A ring torsion apparatus for evaluating friction between soil and metal surfaces.” Geotech. Test. J., ASTM, 4(4), 145–152.
Yu, H.-S. (2000). Cavity expansion methods in geomechanics, Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
Volume 130 • Issue 8 • August 2004
Pages: 830 - 842
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 11, 2002
Accepted: Aug 1, 2003
Published online: Jul 15, 2004
Published in print: Aug 2004
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.