Influence of Compactive Efforts on Lime-Slag Treated Tropical Black Clay
Publication: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 18, Issue 2
Abstract
The results of a laboratory study on the influence of standard Proctor and West African Standard (WAS) compactive efforts on the compaction and strength characteristics of tropical black clay with a maximum of 8% lime and 10% slag (by dry weight of soil) is presented. Lime stabilized soil was admixed with slag in order to establish its soil improving potentials. Unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio tests on the soil-lime-slag mixtures yielded peak values at 8% lime and 7.5% slag concentrations in all the cases considered. The soil-lime-slag mixtures can be used as subbase and base courses of lightly trafficked roads when compacted at the energies of the standard Proctor and WAS, respectively.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The results presented in this paper emanated from the series of studies on the improvement of tropical black clay (black cotton soil) using processed industrial and agricultural wastes as admixtures. The contributions of Mr. Soni Elisha and Mr. Cosmas Ejamah who conducted the tests in the Civil Engineering Department Soil Mechanics Research Laboratory, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810001, Nigeria are appreciated.
References
AASHTO. (1986). Standard specification for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing, 14th Ed., Washington, D.C.
ASTM. (1992). Annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 04.08, Philadelphia.
Balogun, L. A. (1991a). “Foundation investigation and design techniques for residential buildings on expansive black cotton soils.” Niger. Eng., 20(2), 34–41.
Balogun, L. A. (1991b). “Effect of sand and salt additives on some geotechnical properties of lime-stabilised black cotton soil.” Niger. Eng., 26(4), 15–24.
Bogue, R. H. (1955). Chemistry of portland cement, Reinhold, New York.
British Standards Institute. (1990a). “Methods of testing soils for civil engineering purposes.” BS1377, London.
British Standards Institute. (1990b). “Methods of test for stabilized soils.” BS1924, London.
Chen, H. F. (1975). Foundation in expansive soil, Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam.
Czernin, W. (1962). Cement chemistry and physics for engineers, Crosby Lockwood, London.
Indraratna, B., Balasubramaniam, A. A., and Khan, M. J. (1995). “Effects of fly ash with lime and cement on the behaviour of soft clay.” Q. J. Eng. Geol., 28, 131–142.
Lees, G., Abdelkader, M. P., and Hamdani, S. K. (1982). “Effect of clay fraction on some mechanical properties of lime-soil mixtures.” J. Inst. Hwy. Eng., 29(11), 2–9.
Madu, R. M. (1975). “Some Nigerian residual soils—Their characteristics and relative road building properties in a group basis.” Proc., 6th Reg. Conf. for Africa on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Durban, 1, 121–129.
Madu, R. M. (1977). “An investigation into the geotechnical and engineering properties of some laterites in Eastern Nigeria.” Eng. Geol. (Amsterdam), 11, 100–125.
Millard, R. S. (1993). “Cement and lime stabilization.” Road Building in the tropics. Trans. Res. Lab. State-of-the-Art Rev., 9, 183–185.
Nicholson, P. G., Kashyap, V., and Fuji, C. F. (1994). “Lime and fly ash admixture improvement of tropical Hawaiian Soils.” Transportation Research Record 1440, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 71–78.
Nigerian general specification—Roads and bridges. (1997). Federal Ministry of Works, Lagos.
Ola, S. A. (1978). “Geotechnical properties and behaviour of some stabilized Nigerian lateritic soils.” Q. J. Eng. Geol., 11, 145–160.
Ola, S. A. (1983). “The geotechnical properties of the black cotton soils of north-eastern Nigeria.” Tropical soils of Nigeria in engineering practice, S. A. Ola, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, 85–101.
Osinubi, K. J. (1995). “Lime modification of black cotton soil.” Spectrum J., Kaduna, 2(1 & 2), 112–122.
Osinubi. K. J. (1998a). “Influence of compactive efforts and compaction delays on lime-treated soil.” J. Transp. Eng., 124(2), 149–155.
Osinubi, K. J. (1998b). “Permeability of lime-treated lateritic soil.” J. Transp. Eng., 124(5) 465–469.
Osinubi, K. J. (1999). “Evaluation of admixture stabilization of Nigerian black cotton soil.” Niger. Soc. Eng. Tech. Trans., 35(3), 88–96.
Osinubi, K. J. (2000). “Stabilization of tropical black clay with cement and pulverized coal bottom ash admixture.” Advances in unsaturated geotechnics, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 99, C. D. Shackelford, S. L. Honston, and N.-Y. Chang, eds., 289–302.
Osinubi, K. J., and Medubi, A. B. (1997). “Evaluation of cement and phosphatic waste admixture on tropical black clay road foundation.” Proc., 4th Int. Conf. on Structural Engineering Analysis and Modelling, Accra, Ghana, 2, 297–307.
Peck, R. B. (1971). “Engineering implication of tropical weathering and laterization.” Seminar on lateritic and other problem soils of Africa, Univ. of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
Volume 18 • Issue 2 • April 2006
Pages: 175 - 181
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Feb 11, 2005
Accepted: Jul 29, 2005
Published online: Apr 1, 2006
Published in print: Apr 2006
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Hilary I. Inyang
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.