Analysis of Mid-Rise Steel Frame Damaged in Northridge Earthquake
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 12, Issue 4
Abstract
This paper presents the findings from a computational investigation performed on the Borax corporate headquarters building, a four-story steel frame structure in which 75% of the steel moment-resisting connections suffered brittle fractures during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. A companion paper provides detailed documentation of the forensic investigation and repair design performed immediately following the earthquake on this structure, which was less than one year old when the earthquake struck. This paper describes a series of preliminary analyses conducted shortly after the forensic investigation and repair were completed. The main objectives were to investigate the behavior of the structure during the earthquake, and to determine whether different levels of established, advanced analysis techniques could estimate the distribution and extent of the damage. The results showed that a three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic analysis using a site-specific accelerogram provides strong correlation with the observed damage, while elastic static and dynamic analyses, two-dimensional nonlinear static and dynamic analyses, and three-dimensional nonlinear static analyses show less correlation. In addition, the results indicate that substantial redistribution of forces may have occurred, and that force distribution most likely had a noticeable effect on the pattern of failures observed in the structure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Astaneh-Asl, A., Modjtahedi, D., McMullin, K., Shen, J. H., and Damore, E. (1998). “Stability of damaged steel moment frames in Los Angeles.”Engrg. Struct., 20(4–6), 433–446.
2.
Bertero, V. V., Anderson, J. C., and Krawinkler, H. (1994). “Performance of steel building structures during the Northridge Earthquake.”Rep. No. UCB/EERC-94/09, Coll. of Engrg., Univ. of California at Berkeley, Calif.
3.
Deierlein, G. G.(1998). “Summary of SAC case study building analyses.”J. Perf. Constr. Fac., ASCE, 12(4), 202–212.
4.
Foutch, D. A., and Shi, S. (1998). “Effects of hysteresis types on the seismic effects of buildings.”Proc., 6th U.S. Nat. Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Seattle, Wash., May 31–June 4, 1998, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, Calif.
5.
Gourley, B. C., and Hajjar, J. F. (1994). “Cyclic nonlinear analysis of three-dimensional concrete-filled steel tube beam-columns and composite frames.”Struct. Engrg. Rep. No. ST-94-3, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
6.
Gross, J. L. (1998). “A connection model for the seismic analysis of welded steel moment frames.”Engrg. Struct., 20(4–6), 390–397.
7.
Hajjar, J. F., Leon, R. T., Gustafson, M. A., and Shield, C. K. (1998). “Full-scale cyclic experiments of composite moment-resisting frame connections.”Struct. Engrg. Rep. No. ST 98-02, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.; Rep. No. SEM 98-02, School of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, Ga.
8.
Hajjar, J. F., O'Sullivan, D. P., Leon, R. T., and Gourley, B. C. (1995). “Evaluation of the damage to the Borax Corporate Headquarters as a result of the Northridge Earthquake.”Rep. No. SAC 95-07, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
9.
Hilmy, S. I., and Abel, J. F. (1985). “A strain-hardening concentrated plasticity model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of steel buildings.”NUMETA 85—Numerical methods in engineering: Theory and applications, Vol. 1, J. Middleton and G. N. Pande, eds., A. A. Balkema, Boston, Mass., 305–314.
10.
Krawinkler, H., and Gupta, A. (1998). “Story drift demands for steel moment frame structures in different seismic regions.”Proc., 6th U.S. Nat. Conf. on Earthquake Engrg., Seattle, Wash., May 31–June 4, 1998, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, Calif.
11.
Krawinkler, H., and Seneviratna, G. D. P. K. (1998). “Pros and cons of a pushover analysis of seismic performance evaluation.”Engrg. Struct., 20(4–6), 452–464.
12.
Leon, R. T., Hajjar, F. J., and Gustafson, M. A.(1998). “Seismic response of composite moment-resisting connections. I: Performance.”J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 124(8), 868–876.
13.
O'Sullivan, D. P., Hajjar, J. F., and Leon, R. T.(1998). “Repairs to mid-rise steel frame damaged in Northridge earthquake.”J. Perf. Constr. Fac., ASCE, 12(4), 213–220.
14.
Somerville, P. G., Graves, R. W., and Saikia, C. K. (1995). “Characterization of ground motions at the sites of subject buildings.”Rep. on Task 4 of the SAC Joint Venture Proj., SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento Calif.
15.
Youssef, N. F. G., Bonowitz, D., and Gross, J. (1995). “A survey of steel moment-resisting frame buildings affected by the 1994 Northridge Earthquake.”Rep. No. NISTIR 5625, Build. and Fire Res. Lab., Nat. Inst. of Standards and Technol., Gaithersburg, Md.
16.
Zhao, Y. (1993). “Modeling of inelastic cyclic behavior of members, connections, and joint panels of steel frames,” PhD dissertation, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 12 • Issue 4 • November 1998
Pages: 221 - 231
Copyright
Copyright © 1998 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Nov 1, 1998
Published in print: Nov 1998
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.