Durability and Integrity of Marble Cladding: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review
Publication: Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
Volume 5, Issue 2
Abstract
During the past 30 years, the use of thin marble panels as building cladding has increased markedly, but there have been many costly durability problems associated with this nontraditional cladding material. The writers present a historical overview of the mechanical and chemical durability of marble. Results dating from the 1800s, from the first scientific research on the properties of marble, are reviewed. Available guideline references for marble cladding design and detailing are cited. The influences of chemical reactions and temperature cycles on marble durability are outlined. A standard definition of durability is presented, and its relationship to persistent time‐dependent problems is discussed. Some of the theories and alleged causes for one of the more publicized durability problems, permanent out‐of‐plane bowing of thin marble cladding panels, are given. State‐of‐the‐art knowledge with respect to permanent bowing is summarized. The need for further research is stated. The paper concludes that there is a need to examine marble cladding design as an engineering problem in the area of structural mechanics and material.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
1990 annual book of ASTM standards. (1990). Section 4, Construction, Vol. 04.08, Soil and Rock, Dimension Stone, Geosynthetics, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
2.
Amrhein, J. E., and Merrigan, M. W. (1986). Marble and stone veneer, Second Ed., Masonry Institute of America, Los Angeles, Calif.
3.
Arndt, M. (1989). “Amoco chucks all the marble on its tower.” Chicago Tribune, Mar. 7, 3, pp. 1–2.
4.
Bain, G. W. (n.d.). “Warping of Marble.” Vermont Marble Company, Danby, Vt.
5.
Bortz, S. A., Erlin, B., and Monk, C. B. (1988). “Some field problems with thin veneer building stones.” New stone technology design, and construction for exterior wall systems, B. Donaldson, ed., Special Tech. Publ. 996, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 11–31.
6.
Bauschinger, J. (1884). Communications, vol. X, Testing Laboratory, School of Technology of Munich, Munich, Germany.
7.
Cantor, I. G., and Juda, M. B. (1988). “The new stone age: Overcoming the structural stumbling blocks.” New stone technology design, and construction for exterior wall systems, B. Donaldson, ed., Special Tech. Publ. 996, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 3–10.
8.
Gere, A. S. (1988). “Design considerations for using stone veneer on high‐rise buildings.” New stone technology design, and construction for exterior wall systems, B. Donaldson, ed., Special Tech. Publ. 996, Philadelphia, Pa., 32–46.
9.
Handbook of the structural division. (1984). Georgia Marble Company, Nelson, Ga.
10.
Johnson, J. B. (1897). The materials of construction, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
11.
Jumikis, A. R. (1983). Rock mechanics, Trans Tech Publications, Germany.
12.
Kessler, D. W. (1919). Physical and chemical tests on he commercial marbles of the United States, Technological Papers of the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
13.
Manuale dei marmi pietre graniti. (1988). Vol. I, Guida Tecnica, E. Corbella, and R. Zini, Vallardi Editori, Milan, Italy.
14.
Margolis, S. V. (1989). “Authenticating ancient marble sculpture.” Scientific American, 260(6), 104–110.
15.
Marble Institute of America [1987], Dimensional stone, design manual III. (1987). Marble Institute of America, Farmington, Mich.
16.
Monk, C. B. (1985). “The rational use of masonry.” Proc. of the Third North American Masonry Conference, Construction Research Center, Civ. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Texas, Arlington, Tex., 191–227.
17.
“Planning and Design of Tall Buildings.” (1980). W. P. Moore, H. D. Eberhart, and H. J. Cowan, eds., Tall building systems and concepts, Vol. SC, Ch. SC‐5, 191–227.
18.
Ratigan, J. L. (1981). “A statistical fracture mechanics approach to the strength of brittle rock,” thesis presented to the University of California, at Berkeley, Calif., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
19.
Materiaux et constructions. (1980). Rilem Committee 25‐PEM Tentative Recommendations, (75), 175–253.
20.
Seinfeld, J. H. (1986). Air pollution. John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.
21.
Thomasen, S. E., and Ewart, C. E. (1984). “Durability of thin‐set marble.” Third Int. Conf. on the Durability of Building Materials and Components, Espoo, Finland.
22.
Trewhitt, J., and Tuchman, J. (1988). “Amoco may replace marble on Chicago headquarters.” Engrg. News Rec., Mar. 24, 11–12.
23.
Exterior veneer standards. (1980). Vermont Marble Co., Proctor, Vt.
24.
von Karman, T. (1911). Festigkei sveruche unter allseitigem pruck, Zeitscrift Des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, 55, 1749–1757 (in German).
25.
Wilson, F. (1989). “The perils of using thin stone and safeguards against them.” Architecture, The AIA J., 78(2), 96–97.
26.
Winkler, E. M. (1973). Stone: Properties, durability in man's environment, Applied Mineralogy 4, Springer‐Verlag, New York, N.Y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 ASCE.
History
Published online: May 1, 1991
Published in print: May 1991
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.