Effects of Connection Fractures on Global Behavior of Steel Moment Frames Subjected to Earthquakes
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 1
Abstract
Brittle fractures have been observed in beam-to-column connections of welded steel moment frames following several recent earthquakes. To help understand the effects of connection fractures on seismic safety and response, a series of shaking table experiments and numerical simulations were carried out on a one-third scale, two-story, one-bay moment-resisting steel frame. Simplified mechanical connections were utilized in the experiments to create different types and distributions of fracture behavior. These investigations demonstrate that connection fracture may not always have deleterious consequences, especially when few fractures occur. On the other hand, the experimental and numerical investigations clearly demonstrate that severe strength loss due to the combination of numerous fractures, undesirable postfracture hysteretic behavior, and large excitation can have adverse consequences including collapse.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSFCMS-9807069, and the assistance of Mauricio van Dam, Wesley Neighbor, Patxi Uriz, Don Clyde, Chunho Chang, and David MacLam. The findings and conclusions in this work are those of the writers alone.
References
Astaneh-Asl, A., Shen, J.-H., McMullin, K. M., Modjtahedi, D., and D’ Amore, E. (1998). “Stability of damaged steel frames in Los Angeles.” Eng. Struct., 20(4–6), 433–446.
Bertero, V. V., Anderson, J. C., and Krawinkler, H. (1994). “Performance of steel building structures during the Northridge earthquake.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-94/09, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Engelhardt, M. D., and Husain, A. S. (1993). “Cyclic-loading performance of welded flange-bolted web connections,” J. Struct. Eng., 119(12), 3537–3550.
Engelhardt, M. D., and Sabol, T. A. (1994). “Testing of welded steel moment connections in response to the Northridge earthquake.” Rep. Northridge Steel Update I, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2000a). “State of the art report on past performance of steel moment-frame buildings in earthquakes.” Rep. No. FEMA-355E, Washington, D.C.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2000b). “Recommended seismic design criteria for new steel moment-frame Buildings.” Rep. No. FEMA-350, Washington, D.C.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2000c). “Recommended seismic evaluation and upgrade criteria for existing welded steel moment-frame buildings.” Rep. No. FEMA-351, Washington, D.C.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2000d). “Recommended postearthquake evaluation and repair criteria for welded steel moment-frame buildings.” Rep. No. FEMA-352, Washington, D.C.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2000e). “Recommended specifications and quality assurance guidelines for steel moment-frame construction for seismic applications.” Rep. No. FEMA-353, Washington, D.C.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2000f). “A policy guide to steel moment-frame construction.” Rep. No. FEMA-354, Washington, D.C.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2000g). “State of the art report on connection performance.” Rep. No. FEMA-355D, Washington, D.C.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2000h). “State of the art report on performance prediction and evaluation of steel moment frame buildings.” Rep. No. FEMA-355F, Washington, D.C.
Foutch, D. A., and Shi, S. (1998). “Effects of hysteresis types on the seismic response of buildings.” Proc., 6th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, Calif.
Gupta, A., and Krawinkler, H. (2000). “Seismic demands for performance evaluation of steel moment resisting frame structures (SAC Task 5.4.3).” Rep. No. BLUME-132, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ, Stanford, Calif.
Hasegawa, T. (2000). “Shaking table test on earthquake response behavior of steel moment resisting frames with yielding joint panel.” J. Struct. Construction Eng. (Transactions Architectural Institute of Japan), 528, 143–149 (in Japanese).
International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO). (1994–1997 ). Uniform Building Code, Whittier, Calif.
Lee, K., and Foutch, D. A. (2002). “Seismic performance evaluation of pre-Northridge steel frame buildings with brittle connections.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(4), 546–555.
Lee, K. H., Stojadinovic, B., Goel, S. C., Margarian, A. G., Choi, J., Wongkaew, A., Rayher, B. P., and Lee, D. Y. (2000). “Parametric tests on unreinforced connections.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-00/01, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Luco, N., and Cornell, C. A. (1999). “The effects of connection fractures on steel moment resisting frame seismic demands and safety: A report on SAC Phase II Task 5.4.6.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-99/03, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Mahin, S. A., and Morishita, K. (1998). “The effect of strength deterioration on the dynamic response of simple systems subjected to impulsive loading.” Proc., U.S.–Japan Workshop on Near-field Earthquake Damage in Urban Areas, Earthquake Engineering Research Lab., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.
Maison, B. F., and Bonowitz, D. (1999). “How safe are pre-Northridge WSMFs? A case study of the SAC Los Angeles nine-story building.” Earthquake Spectra, 15(4), 765–789.
Maison, B. F., and Kasai, K. (1997). “Analysis of Northridge damaged thirteen-story WSMF building.” Earthquake Spectra, 13(3), 451–473.
Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M. H., Fenves, G. L., and Jeremic, B. (2003). Open system for earthquake engineering simulation (Open-Sees) command language manual ⟨http://www.opensees.berkeley.edu⟩ (July 2003).
McKenna, F. (2003). OpenSees: Open system for earthquake engineering simulation, Computer program. Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. ⟨http://www.opensees.berkeley.edu⟩.
Molina, F. J., et al. (1999). “Bi-directional pseudodynamic test of a full-size three-storey building.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28 (12), 1541–1566.
Naeim, F., Lobo, R. M., Skliros, K., and Sgambelluri, M. (1999). “Seismic performance of four instrumented steel moment resisting buildings during the January 17, 1994 Northridge earthquake.” Proc., SMIP98 Seminar on Utilization of Strong Motion Data, California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program, Sacramento, Calif.
Nakashima, M., Minami, T., and Mitani, I. (2000). “Moment redistribution caused by beam fracture in steel moment frames.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(1), 137–144.
Porcella, R. L., Etheredge, E. C., Maley, R. P., and Acosta, A. V. (1994). “Accelerograms recorded at USGS national strong motion stations during the Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994.” Open-file Rep. No. 94-141, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif.
Rahnama, M., and Krawinkler, H. (1993). “Effects of soft soil and hysteresis model on seismic demands.” Rep. No. BLUME-108, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
Ricles, J. M., Mao. C., Lu, L. W., and J. Fisher, J. W. (2000). “Development and evaluation of improved details for ductile welded unreinforced flange connections.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-00/24, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Rodgers, J. E., and Mahin, S. A. (2004). “Effects of connection hysteretic degradation on the seismic behavior of steel moment-resisting frames.” Rep. No. PEER/2003/13, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Richmond, Calif.
SAC Joint Venture (SAC). (1995). “Technical report: Analytical and field investigations of buildings affected by the Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994.” Rep. No. SAC 95-04, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
SAC Joint Venture (SAC). (1996). “Experimental investigations of beam-column subassemblages, parts 1 and 2.” Rep. No. SAC 96-01, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Scott, M. H., and Fenves, G. L. (2003). “A Krylov subspace accelerated Newton algorithm.” Proc., 2003 ASCE Structures Congress, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va.
Somerville, P. (1997). “Development of ground motion time histories for phase 2 of the FEMA/SAC steel project.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-97/04, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, Calif.
Tsai, K. C. and Popov, E. P. (1988). “Steel beam-column joints in seismic moment resisting frames.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-88/19, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Richmond, Calif.
Uetani, K., and Tagawa, H. (2000). “Seismic response of steel building frames considering brittle fractures: effects of fracture models and ground motion properties.” Confronting Urban Earthquakes: Rep. of Fundamental Research on the Mitigation of Urban Disasters Caused by Near-Field Earthquakes, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan, 470–473.
Vamvatsikos, D., and Cornell, C. A. (2002). “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), 491–514.
van Dam, M. (2000). Effect of hysteretic degradation on seismic response of steel structures.” M.Eng thesis, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132 • Issue 1 • January 2006
Pages: 78 - 88
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Oct 4, 2004
Accepted: Mar 16, 2005
Published online: Jan 1, 2006
Published in print: Jan 2006
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Gregory A. MacRae
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.