Hydraulics of High‐Gradient Streams
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 110, Issue 11
Abstract
Onsite surveys and 75 measurements of discharge were made on 21 high‐gradient streams (slopes greater than 0.002) for the purpose of computing the Manning roughness coefficient, n, and to provide data on the hydraulics of these streams. These data show that: (1) n varies inversely with depth; (2) n varies directly with slope; and (3) streams thought to be in the supercritical flow range were actually in the subcritical range. A simple and objective method was employed to develop an equation for predicting the n of high‐gradient streams by using multiple‐regression techniques and measurements of the slope and hydraulic radius. The average standard error of estimate of this prediction equation was 28% when tested with Colorado data. The equation was verified using other data available for high‐gradient streams. Regimeflow equations for velocity and discharge also were developed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Aldridge, B. N., and Garrett, J. M., “Roughness Coefficients for Streams in Arizona,” U.S. Geological Survey Open‐File Report, Feb., 1973.
2.
Andrews, E. D., and Costa, J. E., “Stream Channel Charges and Estimated Frequency of a Catastrophic Flood, Front Range of Colorado,” Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 11, No. 7, 1979, p. 379.
3.
Ayvazyan, O. M., “Comparative Evaluation of Modern Formulas for Computing the Chezy Coefficient,” Soviet Hydrology, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1979, pp. 244–248.
4.
Barnes, H. H., Jr., “Roughness Characteristics of Natural Channels,” U.S. Geological Survey Water‐Supply Paper 1849, 1967.
5.
Bathurst, J. C., “Flow Resistance of Large‐Scale Roughness,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, No. HY12, Dec., 1978, pp. 1587–1603.
6.
Bathurst, J. C., Li, R‐M, and Simons, D. B., “Hydraulics of Mountain Rivers,” Report No. CER78‐79JCB‐RML‐DBS55, Civil Engineering Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo., 1979.
7.
Benson, M. A., and Dalrymple, T., “General Field and Office Procedures for Indirect Discharge Measurements,” U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water‐Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chpt. A‐l, 1967.
8.
Bray, D. I., “Estimating Average Velocity in Gravel‐Bed Rivers,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, No. HY9, Sept., 1979, pp. 1103–1122.
9.
Buchanan, T. J., and Somers, W. P., “Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations,” U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water‐Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chpt. A‐8, 1969.
10.
Carter, R. W., et al., “Friction Factors in Open Channels,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, No. HY2, Mar., 1963, pp. 97–143.
11.
Chow, V. T., Open Channel Hydraulics, New York, McGraw‐Hill, 1959.
12.
Cowan, W. L., “Estimating Hydraulic Roughness Coefficients,” Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 7, July, 1956, pp. 473–475.
13.
Dalrymple, T., and Benson, M. A., “Measurement of Peak Discharge by the Slope‐Area Method,” U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water‐Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chpt. A‐2, 1967.
14.
Dobbie, G. H., and Wolf, P. O., “The Lynmouth Flood of August 1952,” Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers, Part 2, 1953, pp. 522–588.
15.
Fasken, G. B., “Guide for Selecting Roughness Coefficient ‘n’ Values for Channels,” Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Dec., 1963.
16.
Golubtsov, V. V., “Hydraulic Resistance and Formula for Computing the Average Flow Velocity of Mountain Rivers,” Soviet Hydrology, No. 5, 1969, pp. 500–510.
17.
Hejl, H. R., “A Method for Adjusting Values of Manning's Roughness Coefficients for Flooded Urban Areas,” U.S. Geological Survey, Journal of Research, Vol. 5, No. 5, Sept.–Oct., 1977, pp. 541–545.
18.
Herbich, J. B., and Shulits, S., “Large‐Scale Roughness in Open‐Channel Flow,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, No. HY6, Nov., 1964, pp. 203–230.
19.
Hulsing, H., Smith, W., and Cobb, E. D., “Velocity‐Head Coefficients in Open Channels,” U.S. Geological Survey Water‐Supply Paper 1869‐C, 1966.
20.
Judd, H. E., and Peterson, D. F., “Hydraulics of Large Bed Element Channels,” Report No. PRWG17‐6, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, Aug., 1969.
21.
Kellerhals, R., “Stable Channels with Gravel‐Paved Beds,” Journal of the Waterways and Harbors Division, ASCE, No. WW1, Feb., 1967, pp. 63–84.
22.
Krumbein, W. C., “Measurement and Geological Significance of Shape and Roundness of Sedimentary Particles,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 11, No. 2, Aug., 1941, pp. 64–72.
23.
Limerinos, J. T., “Determination of the Manning Coefficient From Measured Bed Roughness in Natural Channels,” U.S. Geological Survey Water‐Supply Paper 1898‐B, 1970.
24.
Peterson, D. F., and Mohanty, P. K., “Flume Studies of Flow in Steep, Rough Channels,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, No. HY9, Nov., 1960, pp. 55–76.
25.
Ree, W. O., and Palmer, V. J., “Flow of Water in Channels Protected by Vegetative Linings,” U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 967, 1949.
26.
Richards, K. S., “Hydraulic Geometry and Channel Roughness—A Non‐Linear System,” American Journal of Science, Vol. 273, 1973, pp. 877–896.
27.
Riggs, H. C., “A Simplified Slope‐Area Method for Estimating Flood Discharges in Natural Channels,” Journal of Research, U.S. Geological Survey, Vol. 4, No. 3, May–June, 1976, pp. 285–291.
28.
Rubey, W. W., “Equilibrium Conditions in Debris‐Laden Streams,” Transactions, American Geophysical Union, June, 1933, pp. 497–505.
29.
Savini, J., and Bodhaine, G. L., “Analysis of Current‐Meter Data at Columbia River Gaging Stations, Washington and Oregon,” U.S. Geological Survey Water‐Supply Paper 1869‐F, 1971.
30.
Simons, D. B., and Senturk, F., “Sediment Transport Technology,” Water Resources Publications, 1977.
31.
Thompson, S. M., and Campbell, P. L., “Hydraulics of a Large Channel Paved with Boulders,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1979, pp. 341–354.
32.
Vanoni, V. A., and Nomicos, G. N., “Resistance Properties of Sediment‐Laden Streams,” Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 125, 1960, pp. 1140–1175.
33.
Wolman, M. G., “A Method of Sampling Coarse River‐Bed Material,” Transactions, American Geophysical Union, Vol. 35, No. 6, 1954, pp. 951–956.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 110 • Issue 11 • November 1984
Pages: 1519 - 1539
Copyright
Copyright © 1984 ASCE.
History
Published online: Nov 1, 1984
Published in print: Nov 1984
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.