Dynamic Properties of Cohesive Soils Treated with Lime
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 5
Abstract
Dynamic properties of three compacted cohesive soils, kaolinite, sodium montmorillonite, and calcium montmorillonite, which were treated with up to 8% lime, were determined under a wide range of strains and confining pressures. The soils had plasticity indices ranging from 18 to 514. Lime treatment affected and improved the dynamic properties of the three soils. For all of the soils, the cyclic secant shear modulus decreased and the equivalent viscous damping ratio increased with increased strain levels. By increasing the lime content, the shear modulus of the sodium montmorillonite dramatically increased and the damping ratio decreased. Similar behavior was noted for the calcium montmorillonite. The difference in response between the two montmorillonite soils was attributed to the presence of calcium already in the calcium montmorillonite soil. The response of the kaolinite soil to lime treatment was moderate. Normalized plots of treated soils with respect to values of untreated soils are presented. These plots provide a useful guide for the preliminary estimation of lime requirements to improve the dynamic properties of soils.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Alexander, M. L., Smith, R. E., and Sherman, G. B. (1972). “Relative stabilizing effect of various limes on clayey soils.”Hwy. Res. Rec. 381, Hwy. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 27–33.
2.
Andy, M. C. (1963). “Curing lime-stabilized soils.”Hwy. Res. Rec. 29, Hwy. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 13–26.
3.
Au, W. C., and Chae, Y. S.(1980). “Dynamic shear modulus of treated expansive soils.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 106(3), 255–273.
4.
Bowles, J. E. (1979). Physical and geotechnical properties of soils. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.
5.
Chae, Y. S., and Chiang, Y. C. (1978). “Dynamic properties of lime and LFA treated soils.”Proc., Earthquake Engrg., and Soil Dynamics, ASCE Specialty Conf., Vol. 1, Pasadena, Calif., 308–324.
6.
Chan, C. K.(1975). “Low-friction seal system.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 101(9), 991–995.
7.
Chan, C. K.(1981). “An electropneumatic cyclic loading system.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 4(4), 183–187.
8.
Dobry, R., and Vucetic, K. (1987). “State-of-the-art report; Dynamic properties and response of soft clay deposits.”Proc., Int. Symp. on Geotech. Engrg. of Soft Soils, Vol. 2, 51–87.
9.
Eades, J. L., and Grim, R. E. (1960). “Reaction of hydrated lime with pure clay minerals in soil stabilization.”Hwy. Res. Board, Bull. No. 262, Nat. Res. Council, Washington, D.C., 51–63.
10.
Fahoum, K. (1994). “Dynamic properties of lime-stabilized cohesive soils,” PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, Md.
11.
Ferris, G. A., Eades, J. L., Graves, R. E., and McClellan, G. H. (1991). “Improved characteristics in sulfate soils treated with barium compounds before lime stabilization.”Transp. Res. Rec. 1295, Transp. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 45–51.
12.
Ford, C. M., Moore, R. K., and Hajek, B. F. (1982). “Reaction products of lime-treated southeastern soils.”Transp. Res. Rec. 839, Transp. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 38–40.
13.
Hicher, P. Y., El Hosri, M. S., and Homsi, M. (1987). “Cyclic properties of soils within a large range of strain amplitude.”Developments in geotechnical engineering 42, soil dynamics and liquefaction, A. S. Cakmak, ed., Elsevier Science Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 365–378.
14.
Ho, C., and Handy, R. L. (1963). “Characteristics of lime retention by montmorillonitic clays.”Hwy. Res. Rec. 29, Hwy. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 55–69.
15.
Kramer, S. L., and Holtz, R. D. (1991). “Soil improvement and foundation remediation with emphasis on seismic hazards.” Rep., National Science Foundation, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
16.
Lambe, T. W., and Whitman, R. V. (1969). Soil mechanics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
17.
Li, X. S., Chan, C. K., and Shen, C. K. (1988). “An automated triaxial testing system.”Advanced triaxial testing of soil and rock, ASTM STP 977, R. T. Donaghe, R. C. Chaney, and M. L. Silver, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
18.
“Lime stabilization.” (1987). State-of-the-Art Rep. 5, Transp. Res. Board, Washington, D.C.
19.
Little, N. D. (1987). “Fundamentals of stabilization of soil with lime.”Bull. 332, National Lime Assoc., Arlington, Tex.
20.
Marcuson, W. F., and Wahls, H. E. (1978). “Effect of time on damping ratio of clays.”Symp. on Dynamic Geotech. Testing, ASTM STP 654, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 126–147.
21.
Mitchell, J. K., and Dermatas, D. (1990). “Clay soil heave caused by lime-sulfate reaction.”Innovations and uses for lime, ASTM STP 1135, D. D. Walker, T. B. Hardy, D. C. Hoffman, and D. D. Stanley, eds., ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 41–64.
22.
Moore, J. C., and Jones, R. L. (1971). “Effect of soil surface area and extractable silica, alumina, and iron on lime stabilization characteristics of Illinois soils.”Hwy. Res. Rec. 351, Hwy. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 87–92.
23.
Ozier, J. M., and Moore, R. K. (1977). “Factors affecting unconfined compression strength of salt-lime treated clay.”Transp. Res. Rec. 641, Transp. Res. Board, Washington, D.C., 17–23.
24.
Seed, H. B., and Silver, M. L.(1972). “Settlement of dry sands during earthquakes.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 98(4), 381–397.
25.
Silver, M. L., and Park, T. K.(1975). “Testing procedure effects on dynamic soil behavior.”J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 101(10), 1060–1083.
26.
“Soil behavior under earthquake loading conditions.” (1972). Evaluation of soil characteristics for seismic response analysis, Rep. Prepared for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, IID-26444, Shannon and Wilson, and Agbabian-Jacobsen Associates, Seattle, Wash.
27.
Thompson, M. R.(1969). “Engineering properties of lime-soil mixtures.”J. Mat., 4(4), 968–969.
28.
Vucetic, M., and Dobry, R.(1991). “Effect of soil plasticity on cyclic response.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 117(1), 89–107.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: May 1, 1996
Published in print: May 1996
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.