PAHs in Sediments: Unmixing and CMB Modeling of Sources
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 125, Issue 11
Abstract
A chemical mass balance (CMB) model, applied to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds, is used to apportion PAH sources in a group of seven sediment cores in the Milwaukee Basin of the central Lake Michigan area. PAH apportionment results indicate the dominance of coke oven emissions from 1925–1976, and of highway inputs from 1983–1992 for most of the seven cores. This is consistent with results of carbon particle analysis from the same basin. Milwaukee and Port Washington appear to be primary contributors of point source inputs of PAHs from coke ovens and highway dust. Wood burning is a minor source (<13%). These findings are supported by an independent factor analysis study. Historical PAH records are also determined for the seven sediment cores. The records are unmixed and averaged over the basin. The resulting average record is then used as measured profile in a CMB model to determine PAH sources. Source profiles are historical records of the consumption of coal, petroleum, and wood, including coal used for coke production. A cubic spline technique is developed and applied for the curve fitting of original data points for all of the cores. Unmixed profiles reveal a number of features that are not seen in the original data. Wood burning, coke oven emissions, and highway dust profiles are found to resemble the national consumption records. Coal burning is a very small PAH source (<1%).
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ab Razak, I. A., Li, A., and Christensen, E. R. (1996). “Association of PAHs, PCBs, 137Cs, and 210Pb with clay, silt, and organic carbon in sediments.” Water Sci. and Technol., 43(7–8), 29–35.
2.
Benner, B. A., Gordon, G. E., and Wise, S. A. (1989). “Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A roadway tunnel study.” Envir. Sci. and Technol., 23, 1269–1278.
3.
Berger, W. H., and Heath, G. R. (1968). “Vertical mixing in pelagic sediments.” J. Mar. Res., 26, 134–143.
4.
Berger, W. H., Johnson, R. F., and Killingley, J. S. (1977). “Unmixing of the deep-sea record and the deglacial meltwater spike.” Nature, 269, 661–663.
5.
Bjørseth, A., and Ramdahl, T., eds. (1985). Handbook of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Emission sources and recent progress in analytical chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York.
6.
Christensen, E. R., and Karls, J. F. (1996). “Unmixing of lead, 137Cs, and PAH records in lake sediments using curve fitting with first and second order corrections.” Wat. Res., 30(11), 61–73.
7.
Christensen, E. R., Li, A., Ab Razak, I. A., Rachdawong, P., and Karls, J. F. (1997). “Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the Kinnickinnic River, Wisconsin.” J. Great Lakes Res., 23(1), 61–73.
8.
Christensen, E. R., and Zhang, X. (1993). “Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Lake Michigan determined from sedimentary records.” Envir. Sci. and Technol., 27(1), 139–146.
9.
EIA ( 1981). Estimation of wood consumption, 1949–1981. Washington, D.C.
10.
EIA ( 1983). Estimation of wood consumption, 1979–1983. Washington, D.C.
11.
EIA (1988a). “State energy data report, consumption estimates 1960–1988.” DOE/EIA-0214(88), Washington, D.C.
12.
EIA ( 1988b). Annual energy review. Washington, D.C.
13.
Erickson, D. C., Loehr, R. C., and Neuhauser, E. F. (1993). “PAH loss during bioremediation of manufactured gas plant site soils.” Water Res., 27(5), 911–919.
14.
Gerald, C. F., and Wheatley, P. O. (1994). Applied numerical analysis, 5th ed. Addison-Wesley, New York.
15.
Gin, M. F. ( 1992). “Sedimentation patterns of the Milwaukee Harbor estuary determined from TOC, Pb-210, and Cs-137 measurements,” MS thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Wis.
16.
Hopke, P. K. (1985). Receptor modeling in environmental chemistry, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
17.
Hottel, H. C., and Howard, J. B. (1971). New energy technology. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
18.
Jenkins, B. M., Jones, A. D., Turn, S. Q., and Williams, R. B. (1996). “Emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass burning.” Envir. Sci. and Technol., 30(8), 2462–2469.
19.
Karls, J. F., and Christensen, E. R. (1998). “Carbon particles in dated sediments from Lake Michigan, Green Bay, and tributaries.” Envir. Sci. and Technol., 32(2), 225–231.
20.
Lao, R. C., Thomas, R. S., and Monkman, J. L. (1975). “Computerized gas chromatographic—Mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples.” J. Chromatogr., 112, 681–700.
21.
Lee, M. L., and Hites, R. A. (1976). “Characterization of sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds in carbon black.” Analytical Chemistry, 48, 1890–1893.
22.
Li, A., Ab Razak, I. A., Gin, M. F., Ni, F., and Christensen, E. R. (1998). “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary.” Water Air Soil Pollution, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 101, 417–434.
23.
Minerals yearbook. (1950). U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
24.
Neff, J. M. (1979). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment: Sources, fates, and biological effects. Applied Science Publishers, London.
25.
“Particulate polycyclic aromatic matter.” (1972). National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C.
26.
“Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Evaluation of sources and effects.” (1983). National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
27.
Prahl, F. G., and Carpenter, R. (1983). “Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-phase associations in Washington coastal sediment.” Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 1013–1023.
28.
Rachdawong, P., Christensen, E. R., and Karls, J. F. (1998). “Historical PAH fluxes to Lake Michigan sediments determined by factor analysis.” Water Res., 32(8), 2422–2430.
29.
Ristic, R., and Ristic, J. ( 1980). “Bathymetric chart of Lake Michigan.” Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Wis.
30.
Sharma, M., McBean, E., Thomson, N., and Marsalek, J. (1994). “Source-receptor modeling of PAHs using deposition levels in winter-long urban snowpack.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 120(5), 1248–1265.
31.
Simcik, M. F., et al. (1996). “Atmospheric loading of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Lake Michigan as recorded in the sediments.” Envir. Sci. and Technol., 30(10), 3039–3046.
32.
Singh, A. K., Gin, M. F., Ni, F., and Christensen, E. R. (1993). “A source-receptor method for determining non-point sources of PAHs for the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary.” Water Sci. and Technol., 28(8–9), 91–102.
33.
USEPA. (1994). “Test methods for evaluating solid wastes, physical/chemical methods.” SW-846, Revision 2. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
34.
Zeng, E. Y., and Vista, C. L. (1997). “Organic pollutants in the coastal environment off San Diego, California. 1. Source identification and assessment by compositional indices of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.” Envir. Toxicol. and Chem., 16(2), 179–188.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 125 • Issue 11 • November 1999
Pages: 1022 - 1032
History
Received: Dec 29, 1998
Published online: Nov 1, 1999
Published in print: Nov 1999
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.