U.S. Drinking‐Water Regulations: Treatment Technologies and Cost
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 120, Issue 4
Abstract
The Safe Drinking Water Act and its Amendments have imposed a large number of new regulations on the U.S. drinking‐water industry. A major set of regulations currently under consideration will control disinfectants and disinfection by‐products. Included in the development of these regulations is an Information Collection Rule and an Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. These rules will require monitoring for microorganisms such as Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and viruses. Certain surface‐water systems may be required to remove microbiological contaminants above levels currently required by the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Also included in these rules will be monitoring requirements for disinfection by‐products and evaluation of precursor removal technologies. As various regulations are promulgated, regulators and those associated with the drinking‐water industry need to be cognizant of the potential impact of treatment to control one contaminant or group of contaminants on control of other contaminants. Compliance with drinking‐water regulations mandated under the Safe Drinking Water Act and its amendments has been estimated to cost about $1.6 billion.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Adams, J. Q., and Clark, R. M. (1989). “Cost estimates for controlling SOCs by GAC treatment.” Proc., Design and Use of Granular Activate Carbon—Practical Aspects Conf., AWWA Research Foundation/U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
2.
Auerbach, J. (1994). “Costs and benefits of current SDWA regulations.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 86(2), 69–78.
3.
Baier, J. H. (1987). “GAC and RO treatment for the removal of organic contaminants from groundwater.” Proc., Conf. on Current Research in Drinking Water Treatment, AWWA Research Foundation/U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
4.
Cummins, M. D. (1984). “Removal of ethylene dibromide from a contaminated groundwater by packed column air stripping at Lake Wales, Florida.” U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
5.
Cummins, M. D. (1985a). “Field evaluation of packed column air stripping at Valley Park, Missouri.” U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
6.
Cummins, M. D. (1985b). “Field evaluation of packed column air stripping at Bastrop, Louisiana.” U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
7.
Cummins, M. D. (1988). “Removal of radon from contaminated groundwater by packed column air stripping.” U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
8.
Federal Register. (1979). 44(No. 231; Nov. 29).
9.
Federal Register. (1986). 51(No. 63; April 2).
10.
Federal Register. (1987). 52(No. 130; July 8).
11.
Federal Register. (1989a). 54(No. 97; May 22).
12.
Federal Register. (1989b). 54(No. 124; June 29).
13.
Federal Register. (1991a). 56(No. 20; January 30).
14.
Federal Register. (1991b). 56(No. 126; July 1).
15.
Federal Register. (1992). 57(No. 138; July 17).
16.
Fronk, C. A., Lykins, B. W. Jr., and Carswell, J. K. (1990). “Membranes for removing prganics from drinking water.” Am. Filtration Soc., Alexandria, Va.
17.
Goodrich, J. A., Lykins, B. W. Jr., Clark, R. M., and Oppelt, E. T. (1990). “Remediation completed: but is the groundwater meeting the safe drinking water act requirements.” Haztech Int. 90, Houston, Tex.
18.
Hand, D. W., Crittenden, J. C., and Miller, J. M. (1988). “Performance of air stripping and GAC for SOC and VIC removal from groundwater.” Final Rep. for U.S. EPA Cooperative Agreement No. CR811150, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
19.
Kinner, N. E., Lessard, C. E., Schell, G. S., and Fox, K. R. (1988). “Low cost/low‐technology aeration techniques for removing radon from drinking water.” EPA/600/M‐87/031, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
20.
Lykins, B. W. Jr., Geldreich, E. E., Adams, J. Q., Ireland, J. C., and Clark, R. M. (1984). “Granular activated carbon for removing nontrihalomethane organics from drinking water.” EPA‐600/52‐84‐165, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
21.
Lykins, B. W. Jr., Clark, R. M., and Adams, J. Q. (1988). “Granular activated carbon for controlling THMs.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80(5), 85–92.
22.
Macler, B. A., Goodrich, J. A., Robberson, W. M., and Clark, D. (1992). “Treatment technology for small drinking water systems in the U.S.” 3rd U.S.‐Japan Governmental Conf. on Drinking Water Quality Mgmt., U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
23.
Miltner, R. J., Speth, T. F., Endicott, D. D., Reinhold, J. M. (1987). “Final internal report on carbon use rate data.” Rep., U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
24.
Pontius, F. W. (1990). “Complying with the new drinking water quality regulations.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 82(2), 32–52.
25.
Sorg, T. J. (1979). “Treatment technology to meet the interim primary drinking water regulations for inorganics: part 4.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 71(8), 454–466.
26.
Sorg, T. J., Forbes, R. W., and Chambers, D. S. (1980). “Removal of radium‐226 from Sarasota County, Florida, drinking water by reverse osmosis.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 72(4), 230–237.
27.
Sorg, T. J., and Logsdon, G. S. (1978). “Treatment technology to meet the interim primary drinking water regulations for inorganics: part 2.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 70(7), 379–393.
28.
Sorg, T. J., and Logsdon, G. S. (1980). “Treatment technology to meet the interim primary drinking water regulations for inorganics: part 5.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 72(7), 411–422.
29.
Schock, M. J. (1989). “Understanding corrosion control strategies for lead.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(9), 88–100.
30.
Taylor, J. S., Thompson, D. M., and Carswell, J. K. (1987). “Applying membrane processes to groundwater Sources For Trihalomethane Precursor Control.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 79(8), 72–82.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 120 • Issue 4 • July 1994
Pages: 783 - 802
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 15, 1993
Published online: Jul 1, 1994
Published in print: Jul 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.