DBP Control in Drinking Water: Cost and Performance
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 120, Issue 4
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is currently attempting to balance the complex trade‐offs in chemical and microbial risks associated with controlling disinfection and disinfection by‐products (D/DBP) in drinking water. In attempting to achieve this balance, the U.S. EPA will propose three rules: an information collection (ICR); an enhanced surface water treatment rule (ESWTR) and a two‐stage D/DBP rule. Controlling D/DBP will have a major impact on drinking water utilities in the United States. There are several options for D/DBP control, including moving the point of disinfection, removal of by‐products once they are found, removing precursor material or natural organic matter before it interacts with the disinfectant, or use of a disinfectant that minimizes the formation of by‐products. The least‐expensive approach to D/DBP control is to move the point of disinfection or the use of an alternative disinfectant. The least‐desirable approach is to remove disinfection by‐products once they are formed. Overall, the most effective approach to D/DBP control is to remove precursor before it reacts with the disinfectant. The choice of any given strategy is very site specific.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Adams, J. Q., Clark, R. M., and Miltner, R. J. (1989). “Controlling organics with GAC: a cost and performance analysis.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(4), 132–140.
2.
Clark, R. M. (1982). “Cost estimating for conventional water treatment.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 108(5), 819–834.
3.
Clark, R. M. (1990). “Modeling the inactivation of Giardia lamblia.” J. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 116(5), 837–853.
4.
Clark, R. M., and Adams, J. Q. (1991). EPA's drinking water and ground water remediation cost evaluation: granular activated carbon. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Mich.
5.
Clark, R. M., and Adams, J. Q. (1991). EPA's drinking water and ground water remediation cost evaluation: air stripping. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Mich.
6.
Clark, R. M., Grayman, W. M., Goodrich, J. A., Deininger, R. A., and Hess, A. F. (1991). “Field‐testing distribution water quality models.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 83(7), 67–75.
7.
Krasner, S. W., McGuire, M. J., Jacangelo, J. G., Patania, M. L., Reagan, K. M., and Aieta, E. M. (1989). “The occurrence of disinfection by‐products in U.S. drinking water.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(8), 41–53.
8.
Lykins, B. W. Jr., Koffskey, W. E., and Miller, R. G. (1986). “Chemical products and toxicologic effects of disinfection.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 78(11), 66–75.
9.
McGuire, M. J., and Meadow, R. G. (1988). “AWWARF trihalomethane survey.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 80(1), 61–68.
10.
Miltner, R. J. (1992). “Pilot scale treatment for control of disinfection by‐products.” Strategies and technologies for meeting SDWA requirements, R. Clark and S. Summers, eds., Technomics, Inc., Lancaster, Pa., 203–236.
11.
Pourmoghaddas, H., Stevens, A. A., Kinman, R. N., Dressman, R. C., Moore, L. A., and Ireland, J. A. (1993). “Effect of bromide ion on formation of HAAs during chlorination.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 85(1), 82–87.
12.
Reasoner, D. J., and Rice, E. W. (1989). “EPA perspective on AOC research as related to coliform colonization and compliance problems.” Tech. Conf. Proc., Water Quality Technol. Conf., Am. Water Works Assoc., Philadelphia, Pa., 1043–1056.
13.
Stevens, A. A., Moore, L. A., and Miltner, R. J. (1989). “Formation and control of non‐trihalomethane disinfection by‐products.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(8), 54–60.
14.
Symons, J. M., Stevens, A. A., Clark, R. M., Geldreich, E. E., Love, O. T. Jr., and DeMarco, J. (1981). Treatment techniques for controlling trihalomethanes in drinking water. Drinking Water Research Division, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 104–107.
15.
Taylor, J. S., Mulford, L. A., Barrett, W. M., Duranceau, S. J., and Smith, D. K. (1989). “Cost and performance of membranes for organic control in small systems.” Rep., U.S. EPA 600/2‐89/022, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 120 • Issue 4 • July 1994
Pages: 759 - 782
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 6, 1993
Published online: Jul 1, 1994
Published in print: Jul 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.