Evaluation of Ozone Disinfection Systems: Characteristic Concentration C
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 118, Issue 4
Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently promulgated drinking water regulations known as the surface water treatment rule (SWTR) to control viruses, Giardia lamblia, Legionella, and heterotrophic bacteria. The SWTR specifies overall minimum removal and inactivation efficiencies by filtration and disinfection for Giardia lamblia and viruses. The CT concept is used to predict inactivation efficiencies. CT stands for the product of characteristic exposure time (T) and the characteristic concentration (C) of the disinfectant in the disinfection chamber. This paper presents an analysis of ways to characterize ozone concentration in water disinfection systems for the purpose of calculating ozone inactivation efficiencies. Guidelines to predict the characteristic (or average) ozone concentration are developed for four types of ozone reactors, including rigorously mixed systems, cocurrent and countercurrent contactors, and flow segments (i.e., where no ozone gas is introduced but where residuals in a water phase remain).
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ansalmi, G., Lignola, P. G., Raitano, C. and Volpicelli, G. (1984). “Ozone mass transfer in stirred vessels.” Ozone Sci. Engrg., 6(1), 17–28.
2.
Danckwerts, P. V. (1976). Gas liquid reactions. McGraw‐Hill, Inc., New York, N.Y.
3.
Fung, L., and Schwartz, B. (1990). “Preliminary data for a turbine diffused ozone reactor.” EPA Workshop on Ozone‐CT, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb.
4.
Gingshi, Z., Cunli, L., and Zhengyu, X. (1989). “A study of contacting systems in water and wastewater disinfection by ozone.” Ozone Sci. Engrg., 11(1), 169–188.
5.
Grasso, D., and Weber, W. J. (1989). “Mathematical interpretation of aqueous phase ozone decomposition rates.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 115(3), 541–559.
6.
Guidance manual for compliance wiht the surface water treatment requirements for public water systems. (1991). U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
7.
Gurol, M. D. (1985). “Factors controlling the removal of organic pollutants in ozone reactors.” J. AWWA, 77(8), 55–60.
8.
Gurol, M. D., and Singer, P. C. (1982). “Kinetics of ozone decomposition, A dynamic approach.” Envir. Sci. Tech., 16(7), 377–383.
9.
Herbrechtsmeier, P., Schafer, H., and Steiner, S. (1987). “Ozone and oxygen absorption in downflow bubble columns.” Ozone Sci. Engrg., 9(3), 217–232.
10.
Joost, R. D., Jackson, L. A., and Bollyky, J. L. (1989). “Optimization of ozone contactors for drinking water disinfection.” Proc. of the 9th Ozone World Cong., L. J. Bollyky, ed., International Ozone Association, Zurich, Switzerland, Vol. 2, 551–561.
11.
LePage, W. L. (1985). “A plant operator assesses ozonation.” J. AWWA 77(8), 44–48.
12.
Lev, O., and Regli, S. (1992). “Evaluation of ozone disinfection systems: Characteristic time T.” J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 118(2), 268–285.
13.
‘National primary drinking water regulations: Filtration, disinfection, turbidity, Giardia lamblia, viruses, Legionella, and heterotrophic bacteria.” (1989). 40 CFR parts 141 and 142 Fed. Reg. 54:124:27:27486, U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Wasington, D.C.
14.
Peleg, M. (1976). “The chemistry of ozone in the treatment of water.” Water Res., 10(2), 361–365.
15.
Perry, R. H., and Chilton, C. H. (1973). Perry's chemical engineering handbook. 3rd Ed., McGraw‐Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
16.
Response to public commments on proposed surface water treatment requirements. (1989). U.S. Envir. Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
17.
Robson, C. M., and Rice, R. G. (1989). “Wastewater ozonation in the USA—History and current status—1989.” Proc. 9th Ozone World Congress, L. J. Bollyky, ed., International Ozone Association, Zurich, Switzerland, 2, 94–112.
18.
Roustan, M., Duguet, J. P., Brette, B., Brodard, E., and Mallevialle, J. (1987). “Mass balance analysis of ozone in conventional bubble contactors.” Ozone Sci. Engrg., 9(2), 289–297.
19.
Roustan, M., Duguet, J. P., Brodard, E., and Mallevialle, J. (1989). “Ozone balances in different industrial ozone reactors, bubble column and deep U tube.” Proc. 9th Ozone World Congress, L. J. Bollyky, ed., International Ozone Association, Zurich, Switzerland.
20.
Stolarik, G. (1990). “Ozone CT contactor experience.” EPA Workshop on Ozone‐CT, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb.
21.
Stolarik, G. L., and Christie, J. D. (1987). “Projection of ozone C‐T values, Los Angeles Aqueduct filtration plant.” Proc. of the Int. Ozone Association Conf., Pan American Congress, Monroe, Mich.
22.
Treybal, R. E. (1980). Mass‐transfer operations. 3rd Ed., McGraw‐Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
23.
Yurteri, C. and Gurol, M. D. (1989). “Evaluation of kinetic parameters for the ozonation of organic micropollutants.” Water Sci. Tech., 21(6), 465–476.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 118 • Issue 4 • July 1992
Pages: 477 - 494
Copyright
Copyright © 1992 ASCE.
History
Published online: Jul 1, 1992
Published in print: Jul 1992
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.