Influence of Seismic Motions on the Behavior of Cantilever Sheet Pile Wall Subjected to Infinite Uniform Surcharge Loading
Abstract
The behavior of cantilever sheet pile wall in an earthquake susceptible area was regulated by soil liquefaction, induced pore water pressure, and soil and wall properties. A dynamic analysis of cantilever sheet pile wall having infinite surcharge load was executed by using finite difference–based computer program subjected to the 1994 Northridge, 1989 Loma Gilroy, and 2001 Bhuj motions. The different liquefiable and nonliquefiable soil layers are simulated by properties of Pohang sand for UBCSAND and Mohr–Coulomb constitutive models, respectively. The ground water table was assumed at the ground surface. It was observed that the maximum bending moment can occur at any instant, not necessarily at the instant of maximum acceleration. In the liquefiable layer, the soil stiffness and shear strength decreased, causing the loss in acceleration amplification factor, and maximum amplification factor was obtained for the motion with the lowest bedrock-level acceleration. The bending moment in the cantilever sheet pile wall depended on the bedrock-level acceleration, whereas displacement depended on both the duration of the time history as well as bedrock-level acceleration. The soil was liquefied only in the case of the 1994 Northridge motion with no surcharge, and by placing the surcharge on the backfill, the liquefaction resistance increased. The bending moment, displacement, and settlement decreased with increasing distance of the surcharge load from the cantilever sheet pile wall. The present study was validated by the experimental results of cantilever walls in cohesionless dry soil.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this paper are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Biondi, G., E. Cascone, and M. Maugeri. 2014. “Displacement versus pseudo-static evaluation of the seismic performance of sliding retaining walls.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 12 (3): 1239–1267.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9542-4.
Bowles, J. E. 2012. Foundation analysis and design. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Callisto, L., and F. M. Soccodato. 2010. “Seismic design of flexible cantilevered retaining walls.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (2): 344–354.https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000216.
Cecconi, M., V. Pane, and A. Vecchietti. 2015. “Seismic displacement-based design of embedded retaining structures.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 13 (7): 1979–2001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9708-8.
Chatterjee, K., D. Choudhury, and H. G. Poulos. 2015. “Seismic analysis of laterally loaded pile under influence of vertical loading using finite element method.” Comput. Geotech. 67 (Feb): 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2015.03.004.
Conte, E., A. Troncone, and M. Vena. 2017. “A method for the design of embedded cantilever retaining walls under static and seismic loading.” Géotechnique 67 (12): 1081–1089. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.16.P.201.
Conti, R., L. de Sanctis, and G. M. B. Viggiani. 2012. “Numerical modelling of installation effects for diaphragm walls in sand.” Acta Geotech. 7 (3): 219–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-011-0157-0.
Conti, R., and G. M. B. Viggiani. 2013. “A new limit equilibrium method for the pseudostatic design of embedded cantilevered retaining walls.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 50 (Jun): 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.03.008.
Conti, R., G. M. B. Viggiani, and F. Burali d’Arezzo. 2014. “Some remarks on the seismic behaviour of embedded cantilevered retaining walls.” Géotechnique 64 (1): 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.031.
Georgiadis, M., and C. Anagnostopoulos. 1998. “Lateral pressure on sheet pile walls due to strip load.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 124 (1): 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:1(95).
Itasca. 2016. User’s guide for FLAC2D. Version 8.0. Minneapolis: Itasca Consulting Group.
King, G. J. W. 1995. “Analysis of cantilever sheet-pile walls in cohesionless soil.” J. Geotech. Eng. 121 (9): 629–635. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:9(629).
Konai, S., A. Sengupta, and K. Deb. 2020. “Seismic behavior of cantilever wall embedded in dry and saturated sand.” Front. Struct. Civ. Eng. 14 (3): 690–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-020-0615-6.
Kramer, S. L. 2005. Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Singapore: Pearson.
Kumar, A., N. H. Harinarayan, and O. Baro. 2015. “High amplification factor for low amplitude ground motion: Assessment for Delhi.” Disaster Adv. 8 (12): 1–11.
Madabhushi, S. P. G., and V. S. Chandrasekaran. 2005. “Rotation of cantilever sheet pile walls.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 131 (2): 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:2(202).
Park, S. S., N. P. Doan, and Z. Nong. 2021. “Numerical prediction of settlement due to the Pohang earthquake.” Earthquake Spectra 37 (2): 652–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293020957345.
Phanikanth, V. S., D. Choudhury, and G. R. Reddy. 2013. “Behavior of single pile in liquefied deposits during earthquakes.” Int. J. Geomech. 13 (4): 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000224.
Seed, H. B., and I. M. Idriss. 2005. Soil moduli and Damping factors for Dynamic response analysis. Rep. No. EERC 70-10. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2020a. “Ground settlement and deflection response of cantilever sheet pile wall subjected to surcharge loading.” Indian Geotech. J. 50 (4): 540–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40098-019-00387-1.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2020b. “Influence of soil type on static response of cantilever sheet pile walls under surcharge loading: A numerical study.” Arabian J. Geosci. 13 (3): 138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-5170-x.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2020c. “Lateral earth pressure and bending moment on sheet pile walls due to uniform surcharge.” Geomech. Eng. Int. 23 (1): 71–83. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2020.23.1.071.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2020d. “A simplified method for seismic design of cantilever sheet pile walls under infinite uniform surcharge load.” Int. J. Geomech. 20 (9): 04020139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001764.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2021a. “A displacement based approach for seismic analysis and design of cantilever sheet pile walls under surcharge loading.” Comput. Geotech. 140 (Dec): 104481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104481.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2021b. “Effect of soil–wall friction angle on behaviour of sheet pile wall under surcharge loading.” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India Sect. A: Phys. Sci. 91 (1): 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40010-020-00657-1.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2022a. “Impact of adjacent excavation on the response of cantilever sheet pile walls embedded in cohesionless soil.” Geomech. Eng. 30 (3): 293–312. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2022.30.3.293.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2022b. “The influence of strip load on the seismic design of cantilever sheet pile walls: A simplified analytical solution.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 20 (Jan): 5301–5322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-022-01409-9.
Singh, A. P., and K. Chatterjee. 2022c. “Seismic analysis of cantilever sheet pile walls with strip load for any lateral deformation.” Int. J. Geomech. 22 (5): 04022039. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002352.
Tsuchida, H. 1970. “Prediction and counter measure against the liquefaction in sand deposits.” In Proc., Seminar of the Port and Harbour Research Institute. Yokosuka, Japan: Ministry of Transport.
Varghese, R. M., and G. M. Latha. 2013. “Effect of overburden stress and surcharge pressure on the liquefaction response of sands.” Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 7 (4): 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1179/1939787913Y.0000000003.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 21, 2021
Accepted: Nov 22, 2022
Published online: Jan 13, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jun 13, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.