Hydrodynamic Forces Acting on a Cylinder Towed in Muddy Environments
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 6
Abstract
The presence of natural mud in the seabed of waterways and ports has an impact on maritime traffic in many parts of the world. Previous research has shown that sailing safely through fluid mud is possible. However, the majority of these studies were experimental and model scale research, omitting many important characteristics of the natural mud to simplify the problem. The research was therefore directed toward computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to describe the complex properties of the natural mud for nautical applications. Nonetheless, the lack of validation material makes the usage of CFD still uncertain. This work aims to contribute validation cases for numerical solvers through a series of towing tests in muddy environments with a 0.2-m-diameter cylinder. Different fluid combinations are tested, including freshwater, natural mud only, and natural mud with seawater on top. Experimental results in a single interface of natural mud are compared with CFD simulations using three different viscosity laws. Forces calculated using CFD were found to underpredict experimental measurements, indicating that more attention is needed toward describing the natural mud.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The research included in this work is funded by the Research Foundation–Flanders (FWO), Grant: G0D5319N. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Flanders Hydraulics for the experimental setup design and continuous collaboration during the experiments. Finally, special thanks to HPC-UGent for providing the necessary infrastructure for the CFD computations.
References
Armi, L. 1986. “The hydraulics of two flowing layers with different densities.” J. Fluid Mech. 163: 27–58. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112086002197.
Arntsen, O. A. 1996. “Disturbances, lift and drag forces due to the translation of a horizontal circular cylinder in stratified water.” Exp. Fluids 21 (5): 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00189060.
Baines, P. G. 2015. “Internal hydraulic jumps in two-layer systems.” J. Fluid Mech. 787: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.662.
Barnes, H. A. 1999. “The yield stress - a review or ’ ’-everything flows?” J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 81 (1–2): 133–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(98)00094-9.
Bingham, E. C. 1922. Fluidity and plasticity. 1st ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Brookes, G. F., and R. L. Whitmore. 1969. “Drag forces in Bingham plastics.” Rheol. Acta 8 (4): 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01976231.
Brossard, C., A. Delouis, P. Galichon, J. Granboulan, and P. Monadier. 1990. “Navigability in channels subject to siltation physical scale model experiments.” Coastal Eng. 3: 3088–3101.
Brouwer, J., J. Tukker, Y. Klinkenberg, and M. van Rijsbergen. 2019. “Random uncertainty of statistical moments in testing: Mean.” Ocean Eng. 182: 563–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.04.068.
Carpenter, L. H., and G. H. Keulegan. 1960. “Disturbances due to the motion of a cylinder in a two-layer liquid system.” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. 64C (3): 241–260.
Delefortrie, G., M. Vantorre, and K. Eloot. 2005. “Modelling navigation in muddy areas through captive model tests.” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 10 (4): 188–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-005-0210-5.
Delefortrie, G., M. Vantorre, E. Verzhbitskaya, and K. Seynaeve. 2007. “Evaluation of safety of navigation in muddy areas through real-time maneuvering simulation.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 133 (2): 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2007)133:2(125).
Ekman, V. W. 1904. “On dead water.” In Vol. 5 of The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893–1896, edited by F. Nansen, 1–152. Norway: Fridtjof Nansen Fund for the Advancement of Science.
Fourdrinoy, J., J. Dambrine, M. Petcu, M. Pierre, and G. Rousseaux. 2020. “The dual nature of the dead-water phenomenology: Nansen versus Ekman wave-making drags.” PNAS 117 (29): 16770–16775. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922584117.
Gill, A. E. 1982. Vol. 30 of Atmosphere-ocean dynamics. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
Grue, J. 2015. “Nonlinear dead water resistance at subcritical speed.” Phys. Fluids 27 (8): 082103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4928411.
Herschel, W. H., and R. Bulkley. 1926. “Konsistenzmessungen von Gummi-Benzollösungen.” Kolloid Z. 39 (4): 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01432034.
Indekeu, B. 2016. “Modelling interactions between a ship’s hull and a fluid mud layer.” M.Sc. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, KU Leuven.
Jha, S. K., and F. A. Bombardelli. 2009. “Two-phase modeling of turbulence in dilute sediment-laden, open-channel flows.” Environ. Fluid Mech. 9 (2): 237–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-008-9118-z.
Kaidi, S., E. Lefrançois, and H. Smaoui. 2020. “Numerical modelling of the muddy layer effect on ship’s resistance and squat.” Ocean Eng. 199: 106939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.106939.
Lovato, S., A. Kirichek, S. Toxopeus, J. Settels, and G. Keetels. 2022. “Validation of the resistance of a plate moving through mud: CFD modelling and towing tank experiments.” Ocean Eng. 258: 111632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111632.
Markgraf, W., C. W. Watts, W. R. Whalley, T. Hrkac, and R. Horn. 2012. “Influence of organic matter on rheological properties of soil.” Appl. Clay Sci. 64: 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.04.009.
McAnally, W. H., A. Teeter, D. Schoellhamer, C. Friedrichs, D. Hamilton, E. Hayter, P. Shrestha, H. Rodriguez, A. Sheremet, and R. Kirby. 2007. “Management of fluid mud in estuaries, bays, and lakes. II: Measurement, modeling, and management.” J. Hydraul. Eng. 133 (1): 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:1(23).
Medjdoub, K., I. M. Jánosi, and M. Vincze. 2020. “Laboratory investigations on the resonant feature of ’dead water’ phenomenon.” Exp. Fluids 61 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-019-2830-2.
Mehta, A. J., F. Samsami, Y. P. Khare, and C. Sahin. 2014. “Fluid mud properties in nautical depth estimation.” J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng. 140 (2): 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000228.
Mercier, M. J., R. Vasseur, and T. Dauxois. 2011. “Resurrecting dead-water phenomenon.” Nonlinear Processes Geophys. 18 (2): 193–208. https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-18-193-2011.
Miloh, T. 1995. “Ship motion in non-homogeneous media.” Ship Technol. Res. 42 (3): 140–156.
Papanastasiou, T. C. 1987. “Flows of materials with yield.” J. Rheol. 31 (5): 385–404. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.549926.
PIANC. 2014. Harbour approach channels design guidelines. Rep. No. 121. Brussels, Belgium: PIANC.
Pite, H. D., D. R. Topham, and B. J. van Hardenberg. 1995. “Laboratory measurements of the drag force on a family of two-dimensional ice keel models in a two-layer flow.” J. Phys. Oceanogr. 25: 3008–3031. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1995)025%A13008:LMOTDF%BF2.0.CO;2.
Praveen, D. C., and E. A. Toorman. 2021. “A numerical study of the flow of fluid mud in a cylinder and vane rheometer.” In Proc., Int. Conf. on Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes, 17. Delft, The Netherlands: TU Delft.
Sellmeijer, R., and G. Oortmerssen. 1983. “The effect of mud on tanker manoeuvres.” Trans. R. Inst. Nav. Archit. 126: 105–124.
Sotelo, M. S., D. Boucetta, P. Praveen, E. Toorman, B. Brouwers, G. Delefortrie, and W. Van Hoydonck. 2022. “Experimental study of a cylinder towed through nautural mud.” In Proc., 6th MASHCON, 221–231. Ghent, Belgium: Ghent University and Flanders Hydraulics Research.
Te Chow, V. 1959. Open-channel hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Civil Engineering Series. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tokpavi, D. L., A. Magnin, and P. Jay. 2008. “Very slow flow of Bingham viscoplastic fluid around a circular cylinder.” J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 154 (1): 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnfm.2008.02.006.
Toorman, E. 1994. “An analytical solution for the velocity and shear rate distribution of non-idela Bingham fluids in concentric cylinder viscometers.” Rheol. Acta 33 (3): 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00437304.
Toorman, E. 1997. “Modelling the thixotropic behaviour of dense cohesive sediment suspensions.” Rheol. Acta 36 (1): 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00366724.
Toorman, E., M. Liste, M. Heredia, I. Rocabado, J. Vanlede, G. Delefortrie, T. Verwaest, and F. Mostaert. 2014. CFD nautical bottom: Rheology of fluid mud and its modeling, feasibility study. WL Rapporten 00_048. Antwerpen, Belgium: Flanders Hydraulics Research and KUL Leuven Hydraulics Laboratory and Antea Group.
Toorman, E., I. Vandebeek, M. Liste Muñoz, M. Heredia, I. Rocabado, J. Vanlede, G. Delefortrie, M. Vantorre, and Y. Meersschaut. 2015. “Drag on an object towed through a fluid mud layer: CFD versus experiment.” In Proc., 13th Int. Conf. on Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes, 114–115. Leuven, Belgium: KU Leuven.
Torrance, J. K. 1991. “Influences on the rheology of marine sediments, composed of low-activity minerals.” In Microstructure of fine-grained sediments: From mud to shale, edited by R. Bennett, W. Bryant, and M. Hulbert, 509–514. New York: Springer.
Van Hoydonck, W., S. Toxopeus, K. Eloot, K. Bhawsinka, P. Queutey, and M. Visonneau. 2019. “Bank effects for KVLCC2.” J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 24 (1): 174–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-018-0545-3.
Vantorre, M., and I. Coen. 1988. “On sinkage and trim of vessels navigating above a mud layer.” In Proc., 9th Int. Harbour Congress, 149–161. Belgium: Royal Flemish Society of Engineers.
Verreet, G., and J. Berlamont. 1988. “Rheology and non-Newtonian behavior of sea and estuarine mud.” Chap. 5 in Encyclopedia of fluid mechanics, 7th ed., edited by N. P. Cheremisinoff, 509–514. Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.
Williams, D. J., and P. R. Williams. 1989. “Rheology of concentrated cohesive sediments.” J. Coastal Res. (Special issue 5): 165–173.
Worrall, W., and S. Tuliani. 1964. “Viscosity changes during the ageing of clay-water suspensions.” Trans. Br. Ceram. Soc. 63: 167–185.
Zhiliang, G., Y. Hua, and X. Mingxiao. 2015. “Computation of flow around Wigley hull in shallow water with muddy seabed.” J. Coastal Res. 73: 490–495. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI73-086.1.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 6 • November 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 19, 2022
Accepted: May 31, 2023
Published online: Jul 25, 2023
Published in print: Nov 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Dec 25, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.