Numerical Investigation of the Landslide Cover Thickness Effect on the Drag Forces Acting on Submarine Pipelines
Publication: Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 2
Abstract
Ranking among the most threatening and challenging marine geological disasters, submarine landslides of different magnitudes have destroyed various pipelines, attracting widespread attention from the scientific and engineering communities. However, the relative size and spatial relation of landslides and pipelines, especially the landslide cover thickness above the pipeline, have not been explored in previous studies. As a result, the conventional analysis methods continue to change, and the practical application of these methods is difficult when a general criterion is lacking. In this study, three parameters, namely, the landslide cover thickness HC, pipeline diameter D, and span height HS, are first proposed to clarify this problem, and a unified standard analysis model is established. Second, the drag forces on pipelines with five values of HC and two values of HS under four typical Reynolds numbers are systematically analyzed using a validated computational fluid dynamic method. These analyses indicate that with increasing HC, the drag force gradually increases; however, the growth law of the drag force deviates under different HS conditions. Notably, considering the effect of HC, the maximum drag force can be increased to as much as five times the original value, and therefore, this effect cannot be ignored. Furthermore, the cause of the drag force variation is revealed by the evolution of the flow fields (e.g., streamlines, velocity vectors, and pressure). Finally, a reference value of the drag force coefficient and an adjustment factor are proposed, and a standard chart methodology is established to evaluate the drag forces.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The work presented here was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42077272 and 51879036) and the LiaoNing Revitalization Talents Program (Project No. XLYC2002036). Their support is gratefully acknowledged.
References
ANSYS. 2012. ANSYS CFX, CFX program (version 14.0) solver theory guide. Canonsburg, PA: ANSYS.
Chatzidakis, D., Y. Tsompanakis, and P. N. Psarropoulos. 2019. “An improved analytical approach for simulating the lateral kinematic distress of deepwater offshore pipelines.” Appl. Ocean Res. 90: 101852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.101852.
Dong, Y., D. Wang, and L. Cui. 2020. “Assessment of depth-averaged method in analysing runout of submarine landslide.” Landslides 17 (3): 543–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01297-2.
Dong, Y., D. Wang, and M. F. Randolph. 2017. “Investigation of impact forces on pipeline by submarine landslide using material point method.” Ocean Eng. 146: 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.09.008.
Dutta, S., and B. Hawlader. 2019. “Pipeline–soil–water interaction modelling for submarine landslide impact on suspended offshore pipelines.” Géotechnique 69 (1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.P.084.
Fan, N., T.-k. Nian, H.-b. Jiao, and Y.-g. Jia. 2018. “Interaction between submarine landslides and suspended pipelines with a streamlined contour.” Mar. Georesour. Geotec. 36 (6): 652–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2017.1362084.
Fan, N., W. Zhang, F. Sahdi, and T. Nian. 2022. “Evaluation of horizontal submarine slide impact force on pipeline via a modified hybrid geotechnical—fluid dynamics framework.” Can. Geotech. J. 59 (6): 827–836. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2021-0089.
Guo, X., X. Liu, H. Zhang, M. Li, and Q. Luo. 2022a. “Evaluation of instantaneous impact forces on fixed pipelines from submarine slumps.” Landslides 19 (12): 2889–2903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01950-3.
Guo, X.-s., T.-k. Nian, N. Fan, and Y.-g. Jia. 2021a. “Optimization design of a honeycomb-hole submarine pipeline under a hydrodynamic landslide impact.” Mar. Georesour. Geotec. 39 (9): 1055–1070. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2020.1801919.
Guo, X.-s., T.-k. Nian, Z.-d. Gu, D.-y. Li, N. Fan, and D.-f. Zheng. 2021b. “Evaluation methodology of laminar-turbulent flow state for fluidized material with special reference to submarine landslide.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 147 (1): 04020048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000616.
Guo, X.-s., T.-k. Nian, D. Wang, and Z.-d. Gu. 2022b. “Evaluation of undrained shear strength of surficial marine clays using ball penetration-based CFD modelling.” Acta Geotech. 17 (5): 1627–1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01347-x.
Guo, X.-s., T.-k. Nian, F.-w. Wang, and L. Zheng. 2019a. “Landslides impact reduction effect by using honeycomb-hole submarine pipeline.” Ocean Eng. 187: 106155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106155.
Guo, X.-s., T.-k. Nian, Z.-t. Wang, W. Zhao, N. Fan, and H.-b. Jiao. 2020a. “Low-temperature rheological behavior of submarine mudflows.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 146 (2): 04019043. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000551.
Guo, X., T. Nian, W. Zhao, Z. Gu, C. Liu, X. Liu, and Y. Jia. 2022c. “Centrifuge experiment on the penetration test for evaluating undrained strength of deep-sea surface soils.” Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 32 (2): 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2021.12.005.
Guo, X.-s., T.-k. Nian, D.-f. Zheng, and P. Yin. 2018. “A methodology for designing test models of the impact of submarine debris flows on pipelines based on Reynolds criterion.” Ocean Eng. 166: 226–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.08.027.
Guo, X., T. Stoesser, T. Nian, Y. Jia, and X. Liu. 2022d. “Effect of pipeline surface roughness on peak impact forces caused by hydrodynamic submarine mudflow.” Ocean Eng. 243: 110184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110184.
Guo, X. s., T. Stoesser, D.-f. Zheng, Q. Luo, X. Liu, and T. Nian. 2023. “A methodology to predict the run-out distance of submarine landslides.” Comput. Geotech. 153: 105073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.105073.
Guo, X.-s., D.-f. Zheng, C.-w. Fu, L. Zhao, and T.-k. Nian. 2022e. “Quantitative composition of drag forces on suspended pipelines from submarine landslides.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 148 (1): 04021050. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000680.
Guo, X.-s., D.-f. Zheng, T.-k. Nian, and L.-t. Lv. 2020b. “Large-scale seafloor stability evaluation of the northern continental slope of South China Sea.” Mar. Georesour. Geotec. 38 (7): 804–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2019.1632996.
Guo, X.-s., D.-f. Zheng, T.-k. Nian, and P. Yin. 2019b. “Effect of different span heights on the pipeline impact forces induced by deep-sea landslides.” Appl. Ocean Res. 87: 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.03.009.
Hance, J. J. 2003. Submarine slope stability. Austin, TX: The Univ. of Texas at Austin.
Haza, Z. F., I. S. H. Harahap, and L. M. Dakssa. 2013. “Experimental studies of the flow-front and drag forces exerted by subaqueous mudflow on inclined base.” Nat. Hazards 68 (2): 587–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0643-9.
Heidarzadeh, M., T. Ishibe, O. Sandanbata, A. Muhari, and A. B. Wijanarto. 2020. “Numerical modeling of the subaerial landslide source of the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatoa volcanic tsunami, Indonesia.” Ocean Eng. 195: 106733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106733.
Hsu, S.-K., J. Kuo, C.-L. Lo, C.-H. Tsai, W.-B. Doo, C.-Y. Ku, and J.-C. Sibuet. 2008. “Turbidity currents, submarine landslides and the 2006 Pingtung earthquake off SW Taiwan.” Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. 19 (6): 767–772. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2008.19.6.767(PT).
Lee, C.-H., and Z. Huang. 2022. “Effects of grain size on subaerial granular landslides and resulting impulse waves: Experiment and multi-phase flow simulation.” Landslides 19 (1): 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01760-z.
Li, H., L. Wang, Z. Guo, and F. Yuan. 2015. “Drag force of submarine landslides mudflow impacting on a suspended pipeline.” [In Chinese.] Ocean Eng. 33 (6): 10–19.
Liu, J., J. Tian, and P. Yi. 2015. “Impact forces of submarine landslides on offshore pipelines.” Ocean Eng. 95: 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2014.12.003.
Malgesini, G., E. Terrile, L. Zuccarino, E. Parker, and Y. Friedmann. 2018. “Evaluation of debris flow impact on submarine pipelines: A methodology.” In Proc., Offshore Technology Conf. Richardson, TX: Offshore Technology Conference.
Mohrig, D., C. Ellis, G. Parker, K. X. Whipple, and M. Hondzo. 1998. “Hydroplaning of subaqueous debris flows.” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 110 (3): 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0387:HOSDF>2.3.CO;2.
Nian, T.-k., X.-s. Guo, N. Fan, H.-b. Jiao, and D.-y. Li. 2018. “Impact forces of submarine landslides on suspended pipelines considering the low-temperature environment.” Appl. Ocean Res. 81: 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.09.016.
Nian, T.-k., X.-s. Guo, D.-f. Zheng, Z.-x. Xiu, and Z.-b. Jiang. 2019. “Susceptibility assessment of regional submarine landslides triggered by seismic actions.” Appl. Ocean Res. 93: 101964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.101964.
Perez-Gruszkiewicz, S. E. 2012. “Reducing underwater-slide impact forces on pipelines by streamlining.” J. Waterw. Port Coastal Ocean Eng. 138 (2): 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000113.
Qian, X., J. Xu, Y. Bai, and H. S. Das. 2020. “Formation and estimation of peak impact force on suspended pipelines due to submarine debris flow.” Ocean Eng. 195: 106695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106695.
Sahdi, F., C. Gaudin, J. G. Tom, and F. Tong. 2019. “Mechanisms of soil flow during submarine slide–pipe impact.” Ocean Eng. 186: 106079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.05.061.
Sahdi, F., C. Gaudin, D. J. White, N. Boylan, and M. F. Randolph. 2014. “Centrifuge modelling of active slide–pipeline loading in soft clay.” Géotechnique 64 (1): 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.12.P.191.
Sassa, S., and T. Takagawa. 2019. “Liquefied gravity flow-induced tsunami: First evidence and comparison from the 2018 Indonesia Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami disasters.” Landslides 16 (1): 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1114-x.
Scotto di Santolo, A., A. M. Pellegrino, and A. Evangelista. 2010. “Experimental study on the rheological behaviour of debris flow.” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 10 (12): 2507–2514. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2507-2010.
Song, L., H. Ying, W. Wang, N. Fan, and X. Du. 2022. “Reliability modelling of pipeline failure under the impact of submarine slides-copula method.” Mathematics 10 (9): 1382. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10091382.
Tian, J. L. 2014. Numerical simulation of submarine landslides process and their impact on pipeline. [In Chinese.] Dalian Univ. of Technology.
Wang, F., Z. Dai, Y. Nakahara, and T. Sonoyama. 2018. “Experimental study on impact behavior of submarine landslides on undersea communication cables.” Ocean Eng. 148: 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.11.050.
Wang, H. Y. 2016. Numerical analysis of submarine landslides impact on pipeline. [In Chinese.] Dalian Univ. of Technology, Dalian, China.
Zakeri, A. 2009. “Submarine debris flow impact on suspended (free-span) pipelines: Normal and longitudinal drag forces.” Ocean Eng. 36 (6): 489–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2009.01.018.
Zakeri, A., B. Hawlader, and K. Chi. 2012. “Drag forces caused by submarine glide block or out-runner block impact on suspended (free-span) pipelines.” Ocean Eng. 47: 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.03.016.
Zakeri, A., K. Høeg, and F. Nadim. 2008. “Submarine debris flow impact on pipelines—Part I: Experimental investigation.” Coastal Eng. 55 (12): 1209–1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.06.003.
Zhang, H., X. Liu, Y. Jia, Q. Du, Y. Sun, P. Yin, and H. Shan. 2020. “Rapid consolidation characteristics of Yellow River-derived sediment: Geotechnical characterization and its implications for the deltaic geomorphic evolution.” Eng. Geol. 270: 105578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105578.
Zhang, W., and A. M. Puzrin. 2021. “Depth integrated modelling of submarine landslide evolution.” Landslides 18 (9): 3063–3084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-021-01655-z.
Zhang, Y., Z. Wang, Q. Yang, and H. Wang. 2019. “Numerical analysis of the impact forces exerted by submarine landslides on pipelines.” Appl. Ocean. Res. 92: 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.101936.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Dec 10, 2021
Accepted: Nov 1, 2022
Published online: Dec 23, 2022
Published in print: Mar 1, 2023
Discussion open until: May 23, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Tian Chen, Zhenghui Li, Hui Nai, Hanlu Liu, Hongxian Shan, Yonggang Jia, Seabed Dynamic Responses Induced by Nonlinear Internal Waves: New Insights and Future Directions, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10.3390/jmse11020395, 11, 2, (395), (2023).
- Xingsen Guo, Zhenwen Liu, Jiewen Zheng, Qianyu Luo, Xiaolei Liu, Bearing capacity factors of T-bar from surficial to stable penetration into deep-sea sediments, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2022.107671, 165, (107671), (2023).
- Y. Dong, Z. Liao, J. Wang, Q. Liu, L. Cui, Potential failure patterns of a large landslide complex in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 10.1007/s10064-022-03062-7, 82, 1, (2023).
- Xingsen Guo, Xiaolei Liu, Qianyu Luo, Bingbing Chen, Cheng Zhang, Dimensional effect of CFD analysis for submarine landslides interactions with infinite suspension pipelines, Ocean Engineering, 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113094, 266, (113094), (2022).