Impacts of Size Distribution and Storm Intensity on the Behavior of Suspended Particles and Their Associated Metals in a Bioswale Stormwater Control Measure
Publication: Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment
Volume 8, Issue 3
Abstract
Suspended solids in runoff were evaluated along the gradient of a bioswale stormwater control measure (SCM), considering storms of varying intensities. Total and size-fractionated suspended solids and their associated metals were used to investigate resuspension or deposition patterns and metal adsorption. Total suspended solids and their associated metal concentrations increased along the gradient of the SCM when average storm intensity was higher than , suggesting resuspension was occurring. However, solids and their associated metals for fine size classes () revealed that resuspension or ineffective deposition occurred along the SCM regardless of storm intensity, but the degree of resuspension was not related to average storm intensity. Adsorption coefficients derived from analysis of fine sizes were higher compared to coarser sizes by orders of magnitude (10 to 1,000 times), indicating a higher affinity for fine solids. Freundlich isotherm had the best goodness of fit in modeling metal adsorption onto fine solids. The observed resuspension and fine particle–associated metal transport highlight the importance of proper SCM design (e.g., employing forebays and weirs) and maintenance (e.g., vegetative cover and mulching) to address their corresponding challenges.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
Financial support and site access were provided by the Pennsylvania DOT (Contract 4400011166). We appreciate Dr. Sujith Ravi and Chong Seok Choi (Temple University Department of Earth and Environmental Science) for their expertise and providing access to the Beckman Coulter LS 13 1320 particle size analyzer.
References
Acosta, J. A., B. Jansen, K. Kalbitz, A. Faz, and S. Martínez-Martínez. 2011. “Salinity increases mobility of heavy metals in soils.” Chemosphere 85 (8): 1318–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.046.
Alam, M. Z., A. H. M. F. Anwar, A. Heitz, and D. C. Sarker. 2018. “Improving stormwater quality at source using catch basin inserts.” J. Environ. Manage. 228 (Dec): 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.070.
Al-ameri, M., B. Hatt, S. Le, T. Fletcher, E. Payne, and A. Deletic. 2018. “Accumulation of heavy metals in stormwater bioretention media: A field study of temporal and spatial variation.” J. Hydrol. 567 (Dec): 721–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.03.027.
Allen, D., H. Haynes, V. Olive, S. Allen, and S. Arthur. 2018. “The short-term influence of cumulative, sequential rainfall-runoff flows on sediment retention and transport in selected SuDS devices.” Urban Water J. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2018.1508594.
Anderson, B. S., B. M. Phillips, J. P. Voorhees, K. Siegler, and R. Tjeerdema. 2016. “Bioswales reduce contaminants associated with toxicity in urban storm water.” Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 35 (12): 3124–3134. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3472.
APHA (American Public Health Association). 2000. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water. Washington, DC: APHA.
Baghenejad, M., F. Javaheri, and A. A. Moosavi. 2016. “Adsorption isotherms of some heavy metals under conditions of their competitive adsorption onto highly calcareous soils of southern Iran.” Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 62 (10): 1462–1473. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2016.1147647.
Behbahani, A., R. J. Ryan, and E. R. Mckenzie. 2021. “Impacts of salinity on the dynamics of fine particles and their associated metals during stormwater management.” Sci. Total Environ. 777 (Jul): 146135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146135.
Behbahani, A., R. J. Ryan, and E. R. McKenzie. 2020. “Long-term simulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) accumulation and breakthrough in infiltration-based stormwater management practices (SMPs).” J. Contam. Hydrol. 234 (Oct): 103685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103685.
Benjamin, M. M. 2015. Water chemistry. 2nd ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Boyer, P., C. Wells, and B. Howard. 2018. “Extended distributions for freshwater environment.” J. Environ. Radioact. 192 (Dec): 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.06.006.
Bradl, H. B. 2004. “Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents.” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 277 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.04.005.
Degryse, F., E. Smolders, and D. R. Parker. 2010. “ChemInform abstract: Partitioning of metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in soils: Concepts, methodologies, prediction and applications—A review.” ChemInform 41 (4): 590–612. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201017216.
Djuki, A. 2016. “Further insight into the mechanism of heavy metals partitioning in stormwater runoff.” J. Environ. Manage. 168 (Mar): 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.035.
Fetter, C. W. 2008. Contaminant hydrogeology. 2nd ed. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
Flanagan, K., et al. 2019. “Science of the total environment retention and transport processes of particulate and dissolved micropollutants in stormwater bio filters treating road runoff.” Sci. Total Environ. 656 (Mar): 1178–1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.304.
Fonseca, B., H. Figueiredo, J. Rodrigues, A. Queiroz, and T. Tavares. 2011. “Mobility of Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in a loamy sand soil: A comparative study.” Geoderma 164 (3–4): 232–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.06.016.
Fugate, D. C., S. Thomas, and L. J. Scinto. 2021. “Particle dynamics in stormwater treatment areas.” Ecol. Eng. 160 (Aug): 106131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106131.
Gbeddy, G., A. Jayarathne, A. Goonetilleke, G. A. Ayoko, and P. Egodawatta. 2018. “Variability and uncertainty of particle build-up on urban road surfaces.” Sci. Total Environ. 640–641 (Nov): 1432–1437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.384.
Gustafsson, J. P. 2012. Visual MINTEQ 3.0 user guide, 1–73. Stockholm, Sweden: Dept. of Land and Water Resources.
Hager, J., G. Hu, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2019. “Performance of low-impact development best management practices: A critical review.” Environ. Rev. 27 (1): 17–42. https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0048.
In-na, N., and V. T. V. Nyuyen. 1989. “An unbiased plotting position formula for the general extreme value distribution.” J. Hydrol. 106 (3–4): 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90072-3.
Jamshidi, A., A. R. Goodarzi, and P. Razmara. 2020. “Long-term impacts of road salt application on the groundwater contamination in urban environments.” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27 (24): 30162–30177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09261-7.
Jeong, H., J. Y. Choi, J. Lee, J. Lim, and K. Ra. 2020. “Heavy metal pollution by road-deposited sediments and its contribution to total suspended solids in rainfall runoff from intensive industrial areas.” Environ. Pollut. 265 (Oct): 115028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115028.
Kang, M., Y. Tian, S. Peng, and M. Wang. 2019. “Science of the total environment effect of dissolved oxygen and nutrient levels on heavy metal contents and fractions in river surface sediments.” Sci. Total Environ. 648 (Jan): 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.201.
Kayhanian, M., E. R. McKenzie, J. E. Leatherbarrow, and T. M. Young. 2012. “Characteristics of road sediment fractionated particles captured from paved surfaces, surface run-off and detention basins.” Sci. Total Environ. 439 (Nov): 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.077.
Ke, X., F. J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, H. J. Zhang, G. L. Guo, and Y. Tian. 2020. “Removal of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu in smelter soil by citric acid leaching.” Chemosphere 255 (Sep): 126690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126690.
Khan, A. A., and W. Wu. 2013. “Sediment transport: Monitoring, modeling and management.” In Earth sciences in the 21st century. New York: Nova Science.
Li, H., and J. Sansalone. 2020. “CFD model of PM sedimentation and resuspension in urban water clarification.” J. Environ. Eng. 146 (3): 04019118. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001649.
Maniquiz-redillas, M. C., and L. Kim. 2016. “Evaluation of the capability of low-impact development practices for the removal of heavy metal from urban stormwater runoff of heavy metal from urban stormwater runoff.” Environ. Technol. 37 (18): 2265–2272. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2016.1147610.
McManus, M., and A. P. Davis. 2020. “Impact of periodic high concentrations of salt on bioretention water quality performance.” J. Sustainable Water Built Environ. 6 (4): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000922.
Mishra, A. K. 2019. “Quantifying the impact of global warming on precipitation patterns in India.” Meteorol. Appl. 26 (1): 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1749.
Moore, T. L., C. M. Rodak, F. Ahmed, and J. R. Vogel. 2018. “Urban stormwater characterization, control and treatment.” Water Environ. Res. 90 (10): 1821–1871. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143018X15289915807452.
Movahedinia, M., J. M. V. Samani, F. Barakhasi, S. Taghvaeian, and R. Stepanian. 2019. “Simulating the effects of low impact development approaches on urban flooding: A case study from Tehran, Iran.” Water Sci. Technol. 80 (8): 1591–1600. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.412.
New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices. 2021. “Section 2: Infiltration Basins.” Chapter 10 in Green infrastructure SCMs with waiver or variance. New Jersey: New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection.
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2021. “Philadelphia precipitation record.” Accessed June 15, 2021. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools/findstation.
Noe, G. B., et al. 2020. “Sediment dynamics and implications for management: State of the science from long-term research in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, USA.” Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 7 (4): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1454.
Okaikue-Woodi, F. E. K., K. Cherukumilli, and J. R. Ray. 2020. “A critical review of contaminant removal by conventional and emerging media for urban stormwater treatment in the United States.” Water Res. 187 (Dec): 116434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116434.
Park, D., and L. A. Roesner. 2012. “Evaluation of pollutant loads from stormwater SCMs to receiving water using load frequency curves with uncertainty analysis.” Water Res. 46 (20): 6881–6890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.023.
Paus, K. H., J. Morgan, J. S. Gulliver, T. Leiknes, and R. M. Hozalski. 2014. “Effects of temperature and NaCl on toxic metal retention in bioretention media.” J. Environ. Eng. 140 (10): 04014034. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000847.
Peluso, V. F., and A. Marshall. 2002. Best management practices for south Florida urban stormwater management systems, 72. West Palm Beach, FL: South Florida Water Management District.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. 2006. “Pennsylvania stormwater best management practices manual.” Accessed December 30, 2006. https://www.stormwaterpa.org/assets/media/BMP_manual/02_Chapter_1.pdf.
Perron, W. 2019. “New York City.” In Exploring nature’s bounty, 29–46. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813553597-003.
Purvis, R. A., R. J. Winston, W. F. Hunt, B. Lipscomb, K. Narayanaswamy, A. McDaniel, M. S. Lauffer, and S. Libes. 2018. “Evaluating the water quality benefits of a bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA.” Water 10 (2): 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020134.
PWD (Philadelphia Water Department). 2020. Stormwater management guidance manual. Version 3.2. Philadelphia: PWD.
Qingke Yuan, H. B. G., and Y. Kim. 2017. “An investigation of the relationships between rainfall conditions and pollutant wash-off from the paved road.” Water 9 (4): 232. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9040232.
Revitt, D. M., J. B. Ellis, and L. Lundy. 2017. “Assessing the impact of swales on receiving water quality.” Urban Water J. 14 (8): 839–845. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2017.1279187.
Sangiumsak, N., and P. Punrattanasin. 2014. “Adsorption behavior of heavy metals on biomaterials.” Polish J. Environ. Stud. 23 (3): 853–865. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0496402.
Singh, K., and M. Xie. 2010. “Bootstrap method.” In International encyclopedia of education, edited by P. Peterson, E. Baker, and B. McGaw, 46–51. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.01309-9.
Søberg, L. C., M. Viklander, and G. T. Blecken. 2017. “Do salt and low temperature impair metal treatment in stormwater bioretention cells with or without a submerged zone?” Sci. Total Environ. 579 (Feb): 1588–1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.179.
Tedoldi, D., G. Chebbo, D. Pierlot, P. Branchu, Y. Kovacs, and M. C. Gromaire. 2017. “Spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surface soil of source-control stormwater infiltration devices—Inter-site comparison.” Sci. Total Environ. 579 (Feb): 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.226.
Tessier, A., P. G. C. Campbell, and M. Bisson. 1979. “Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals.” Anal. Chem. 51 (7): 844–851. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a017.
Tomczak, W., P. Boyer, M. Krimissa, and O. Radakovitch. 2019. “ distributions in freshwater systems as a function of material type, mass-volume ratio, dissolved organic carbon and pH.” Appl. Geochem. 105 (Jun): 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.04.003.
Traver, R., et al. 2019. I-95 Girard Avenue interchange stormwater project annual report: 1 April 2017–30 May 2018. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania DOT.
Valdes-Abellan, J., M. A. Pardo, and A. J. Tenza-Abril. 2017. “Observed precipitation trend changes in the western Mediterranean region.” Int. J. Climatol. 37 (Aug): 1285–1296. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4984.
Walaszek, M., P. Bois, J. Laurent, E. Lenormand, and A. Wanko. 2018. “Micropollutants removal and storage efficiencies in urban stormwater constructed wetland.” Sci. Total Environ. 645 (Dec): 854–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.156.
Wang, J., P. Zhang, L. Yang, and T. Huang. 2016. “Cadmium removal from urban stormwater runoff via bioretention technology and effluent risk assessment for discharge to surface water.” J. Contam. Hydrol. 185–186 (Feb): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.01.002.
Wang, Q., Q. Zhang, X. C. Wang, J. Huang, and Y. Ge. 2020. “Impacts of key factors on heavy metal accumulation in urban road-deposited sediments (RDS): Implications for RDS management.” Chemosphere 261 (Dec): 127786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127786.
WeatherUnderground. 2021. “Philadelphia precipitation record of South Kensington station KPAPHILA 131.” Accessed November 1, 2021. https://www.wunderground.com/dashboard/pws/KPAPHILA131/graph/2020-08-12/2020-08-12/daily.
Wei, T., B. Wijesiri, Z. Jia, Y. Li, and A. Goonetilleke. 2019. “Science of the total environment re-thinking classical mechanistic model for pollutant build-up on urban impervious surfaces.” Sci. Total Environ. 651 (Feb): 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.013.
Wong, V. N. L., S. G. Johnston, E. D. Burton, R. T. Bush, L. A. Sullivan, and P. G. Slavich. 2013. “Seawater-induced mobilization of trace metals from mackinawite-rich estuarine sediments.” Water Res. 47 (2): 821–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.11.009.
Zarezadeh, V., T. Lung, T. Dorman, H. J. Shipley, and M. Giacomoni. 2018. “Assessing the performance of sand filter basins in treating urban stormwater runoff.” Environ. Monit. Assess. 190 (12): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-7069-5.
Zhang, L., B. Zhao, G. Xu, and Y. Guan. 2018. “Characterizing fluvial heavy metal pollutions under different rainfall conditions: Implication for aquatic environment protection.” Sci. Total Environ. 635 (Sep): 1495–1506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.211.
Zhu, X. 2020. “Influence of hydrodynamics and correlation of metal contents with settling velocities on contamination distribution in a stormwater detention basin.HAL archives-ouvertes.” Accessed March 13, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02475412.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment
Volume 8 • Issue 3 • August 2022
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Aug 13, 2021
Accepted: Jan 17, 2022
Published online: Mar 24, 2022
Published in print: Aug 1, 2022
Discussion open until: Aug 24, 2022
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Emanoelle Pereira da Silva, Nelson Roberto Antoniosi Filho, Julião Pereira, Klebber Teodomiro Martins Formiga, Temporal variation and risk assessment of heavy metals and nutrients from water and sediment in a stormwater pond, Brazil, Water Supply, 10.2166/ws.2022.441, 23, 1, (206-221), (2022).
- Ali Behbahani, Robert J. Ryan, Erica R. McKenzie, Experimental evaluation of vertical metal retardation in stormwater management practices as influenced by cycles of baseline and high salinity, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129779, 440, (129779), (2022).