Research Article
Sep 1963
Laminar and Turbulent Flow of Water Through Sand
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VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division
Volume 89, Issue 5
Abstract
The flow of water through sands during turbulence is represented by vn=k'i in which v is the velocity of flow; i the hydraulic gradient; k', a coefficient of turbulence; and n, a turbulence exponent. Values of n and k' are obtained from a plot of constant head permeability tests on four sands, shown as log-log plot of velocity versus hydraulic gradient. For truly laminar flow, n equals 1. For sands with d10 > 0.03 cms, the value of n is greater than 1, indicating turbulent flow. The value of n varies with grain size and hydraulic gradient. A plot of Reynold's number versus Friction Factor shows turbulent flow in one case of sand (d10 = 0.03 cm) with Reynold's number substantially less than 1. A method is shown for conducting variable head tests for turbulent flow. The quantity of seepage through sand during turbulent flow can be calculated using the appropriate values of k' and n determined in the laboratory by the procedures outlined herein.
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Published In
Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division
Volume 89 • Issue 5 • September 1963
Pages: 1 - 15
Copyright
© 1963 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published in print: Sep 1963
Published online: Feb 12, 2021
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M. Anandakrishnan, M.ASCE
Asst. Prof., Civ. Engrg., Indian Inst. of Tech., Kanpur, (U. P.) India; formerly, Senior Scientific Officer, Central Road Research Inst., New Delhi, India
G. H. Varadarajulu
Senior Scientific Officer, Central Road Research Inst., New Delhi, India
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