Implementation of Cold-Formed Steel Stress–Strain Relationships Using Limited Available Material Parameters

Implementation of existing stress–strain models for cold-formed steel requires the input of key material parameters determined from corner coupon tests on cold-formed portions. This paper proposes various approaches that can accurately describe the stress–strain responses of cold-formed steel by using corner material properties if known, or by using parent material properties and the corner geometry after cold-forming in the absence of corner material properties. First, a comprehensive database of coupon test results of cold-formed steel is assembled. A total of 483 corner coupon test results with 236 full stress–strain curves are collected from 31 sources, covering a large range of steel grades with nominal yield strength varying from 235 to $960\mathrm{MPa}$. The applicability of existing empirical models for determination of the enhanced yield strength, ultimate strength, and ultimate strain is carefully evaluated. New predictive expressions for the required input parameters (namely, 0.01% or 0.05% proof stresses for the use of the two-stage Ramberg-Osgood model, and the strain hardening exponent for the use of one-stage material model) are subsequently derived. Prediction performances of the two-stage Ramberg-Osgood model and the one-stage material model are then evaluated against experimental stress–strain curves under different availabilities of primary material parameters. According to the proposed approaches, the minimum required input parameter to utilize these models is only the yield strength of cold-formed steel or, alternatively, the yield strength of the parent metal and corner geometry after cold-forming. The developed models are proved to be accurate in predicting the monotonic stress–strain response (up to the ultimate point) of cold-formed steel, and they are suitable for use in parametric studies and advanced modeling of cold-formed structures.