Seismic Analysis of a Self-Centering Braced Frame in Pseudodynamic Tests: Response Characteristics, Brace Contribution, and Damage Evolution
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 8
Abstract
This study investigated the seismic performance and self-centering behavior of a three-story steel frame equipped with self-centering brace (SCBs) using pseudodynamic tests aided by OpenSees version 2.5.7 and OpenFresco version 2.7.0. The three-story self-centering braced frame (SCBF) was simplified to a three-story shear building model, and a generic experimental element with three nodes with horizontal degrees of freedom was used to establish a two-dimensional (2D) numerical model. The input ground motions were scaled to a service level earthquake (SLE), design basis earthquake (DBE), maximum considered earthquake (MCE), and a very rare earthquake (VRE) with 63%, 10%, 2%, and 0.5% probability of exceedance in 50 years, respectively. The test results demonstrated the excellent seismic performance and self-centering behavior of the SCBF. The maximum story drift ratio and maximum residual story drift ratio of the SCBF under a VRE were 1.91% and 0.119%, respectively, below the thresholds of 2.0% and 0.5%. The SCBs provided more than 90% of the initial lateral stiffness of the SCBF and dissipated approximately 55% of the seismic input energy. The seismic performance of the SCBF satisfied the no-damage criterion under an SLE and DBE. Although the columns in Story 1 yielded under an MCE and VRE, no visible residual deformation of the column flanges was detected in Story 1 after the tests. In addition, the maximum residual drift ratio of Story 1 was only 0.066%. Therefore, the columns in Story 1 only required simple and quick reinforcements before being usable. Unexpected factors, such as the fit-up tolerances around the pins, out-of-sync activation of the SCBs in the same story, residual deformation of the SCBs, and the out-of-sync activation of the two groups of disc springs in the same SCB, did not affect the seismic performance and self-centering capacity of the SCBF.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, including test data used in Figs. 10–23.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the partial support of this research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 52125804 and 52078036.
References
Ancheta, T. D., et al. 2014. “NGA-West2 database.” Earthquake Spectra 30 (3): 989–1005. https://doi.org/10.1193/070913EQS197M.
AQSIQ (Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China). 2015. Seismic ground motion parameters zonation map of China. [In Chinese.] GB 18306. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
AQSIQ (Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China). 2017. Hot rolled H and cut T section steel. [In Chinese.] GB/T 11263. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Chen, P., L.-H. Xu, and Z.-X. Li. 2021. “Study on prediction method of initial stiffness of self-centering energy dissipation braces.” Eng. Struct. 247 (Feb): 113226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113226.
Chen, P., L.-H. Xu, and X.-S. Xie. 2023. “Enhanced design and experimental investigation of disc spring-based self-centering buckling-restrained braces with a compounded combination mode.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 52 (10): 3053–3073. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3912.
Chen, Y., and C. Chen. 2021. “Study on seismic performance of prefabricated self-centering steel frame.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 182 (Apr): 106684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.106684.
Chou, C.-C., W.-J. Tsai, and P.-T. Chung. 2016. “Development and validation tests of a dual-core self-centering sandwiched buckling-restrained brace (SC-SBRB) for seismic resistance.” Eng. Struct. 121 (Jan): 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.04.015.
Christopoulos, C., R. Tremblay, H.-J. Kim, and M. Lacerte. 2008. “Self-centering energy dissipative bracing system for the seismic resistance of structures: Development and validation.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (1): 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:1(96).
Combescure, D., and P. Pegon. 1997. “α-Operator splitting time integration technique for pseudodynamic testing error propagation analysis.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 16 (7–8): 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(97)00017-1.
Curti, G., and R. Montanini. 1999. “On the influence of friction in the calculation of conical disk springs.” J. Appl. Mech. 121 (4): 622–627. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2829508.
Erochko, J., C. Christopoulos, R. Tremblay, and C. Hyunhoon. 2010. “Residual drift response of SMRFs and BRB frames in steel buildings designed according to ASCE 7-05.” J. Struct. Eng. 137 (5): 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000296.
Erochko, J., C. Christopoulos, R. Tremblay, and H.-J. Kim. 2013. “Shake table testing and numerical simulation of a self-centering energy dissipative braced frame.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (11): 1617–1635. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2290.
Fahnestock, L. A., R. Sause, and J. M. Ricles. 2006. Analytical and large-scale experimental studies of earthquake-resistant buckling restrained braced frame systems. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh Univ.
Fang, C., Y.-W. Ping, Y.-Y. Chen, M. C. H. Yam, J.-B. Chen, and W. Wang. 2022a. “Seismic performance of self-centering steel frames with SMA-viscoelastic hybrid braces.” J. Earthquake Eng. 26 (10): 5004–5031. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1856233.
Fang, C., Y.-W. Ping, Y. Zheng, and Y.-Y. Chen. 2021. “Probabilistic economic seismic loss estimation of steel braced frames incorporating emerging self-centering technologies.” Eng. Struct. 241 (Feb): 112486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112486.
Fang, C., W. Wang, C.-X. Qiu, S.-L. Hu, G. A. MacRae, and M. R. Eatherton. 2022b. “Seismic resilient steel structures: A review of research, practice, challenges and opportunities.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 191 (Sep): 107172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107172.
FEMA. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. FEMA 356. Washington, DC: FEMA.
FEMA. 2012. Seismic performance assessment of buildings. FEMA P-58. Washington, DC: FEMA.
Galusha, J. 1999. “A split, rocking wall for seismic resistance.” MSCE thesis, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Washington.
Hashemi, M. J., A.-O. Yassamin, A.-M. Riadh, R. Kalfat, H.-H. Tsang, and J.-L. Wilson. 2016. “Application of hybrid simulation for collapse assessment of post-earthquake CFRP-repaired RC columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (1): 04016149. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001629.
Huang, L.-J., Z. Zhou, Y. Wei, Q. Xie, and X.-Y. Sun. 2022a. “Seismic performance and resilience assessment of friction damped self-centering prestressed concrete frames.” Eng. Struct. 263 (Jan): 114346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114346.
Huang, X.-G., Y. Liu, and X.-Y. Sun. 2022b. “Concept and analysis of resilient frictional shear connector for coupled system.” J. Build. Eng. 50 (Sep): 104172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104172.
Ji, X.-D., Y.-H. Cheng, and C. M. Hutt. 2020. “Seismic response of a tuned viscous mass damper (TVMD) coupled wall system.” Eng. Struct. 225 (Dec): 111252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111252.
Jiang, H., L.-H. Xu, X.-S. Xie, and P. Chen. 2023. “Seismic behavior of double activation self-centering brace and braced structures.” J. Struct. Eng. 149 (7): 04023082. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11819.
Khan, M. A., L.-M. Jiang, K. A. Cashell, and A. Usmani. 2018. “Analysis of restrained composite beams exposed to fire using a hybrid simulation approach.” Eng. Struct. 172 (Oct): 956–966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.048.
Li, J., and L.-H. Xu. 2023. “Seismic responses and damage control of long-span continuous rigid-frame bridges considering the longitudinal pounding effect under strong ground motions.” J. Bridge Eng. 28 (2): 04022140. https://doi.org/10.1061/JBENF2.BEENG-5871.
Lin, Z.-C., L.-H. Xu, and X.-S. Xie. 2022. “Development and seismic performance improvement of hybrid damping self-centering braced frame.” J. Build. Eng. 52 (Jan): 104388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104388.
Liu, J.-L., L.-H. Xu, and X.-S. Xie. 2022. “Seismic design and performance of a steel frame-shear plate shear wall with self-centering energy dissipation braces structure.” J. Build. Eng. 51 (Sep): 104336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104336.
Lu, X.-Z., C. Zhang, W.-J. Liao, Y.-Q. Lin, X.-C. Lin, and H.-J. Xue. 2021. “Comparison of seismic performance between typical structural steel buildings designed following the Chinese and United States codes.” Adv. Struct. Eng. 24 (9): 1828–1846. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433220986633.
Mazzoni, S., F. McKenna, M.-H. Scott, and G.-L. Fenves. 2006. OpenSees command language manual. Berkeley, CA: Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
McCormick, J., H. Aburano, M. Ikenaga, and M. Nakashima. 2008. “Permissible residual deformation levels for building structures considering both safety and human elements.” In Proc., 14th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 1–8. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2010. Code for seismic design of buildings. [In Chinese.] GB 50011. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2012. Load code for the design of building structures. [In Chinese.] GB 50009. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press.
MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China). 2019. Standard for design of strengthening steel structure. [In Chinese.] GB 51367. Beijing: Standards Press of China.
Ozaki, S., K. Tsuda, and J. Tominaga. 2012. “Analyses of static and dynamic behavior of coned disk springs: Effects of friction boundaries.” Thin-Walled Struct. 59 (Oct): 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.06.001.
Priestley, M.-N., and G. A. MacRae. 1996. “Seismic tests of precast beam-to-column joint subassemblages with unbonded tendons.” PCI J. 41 (1): 64–81. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.01011996.64.81.
Qiu, C.-X., and S.-Y. Zhu. 2017. “Shake table test and numerical study of self-centering steel frame with SMA braces.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46 (1): 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2777.
Schellenberg, A., H.-K. Kim, Y. Takahashi, G.-L. Fenves, and S.-A. Mahin. 2009. OpenFresco command language manual. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California.
Shen, S.-D., and M. Kurata. 2023. “Rapid evaluation of structural soundness of steel frames using a coupling coefficient (CC)-based method.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 52 (4): 1182–1204. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3811.
Shi, G., F.-X. Hu, and Y.-J. Shi. 2016. “Comparison of seismic design for steel moment frames in Europe, the United States, Japan and China.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 127 (Jan): 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.07.009.
Stone, W. C., G. S. Cheok, and J. F. Stanton. 1995. “Performance of hybrid moment-resisting precast beam-column concrete connections subjected to cyclic loading.” ACI Struct. J. 92 (2): 229–249. https://doi.org/10.14359/18777.
Terzic, V., and B. Stojadinovic. 2014. “Hybrid simulation of bridge response to three-dimensional earthquake excitation followed by truck load.” J. Struct. Eng. 140 (8): A4014010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000913.
Tremblay, R., M. Lacerte, and C. Christopoulos. 2008. “Seismic response of multistory buildings with self-centering energy dissipative steel braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (1): 108–120. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:1(108).
Verde, R.-V. 1991. “Explanation for the numerous upper floor collapses during the 1985 Mexico City earthquake.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 20 (3): 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290200303.
Wang, W., C. Fang, and J. Liu. 2016. “Large size superelastic SMA bars: Heat treatment strategy, mechanical property and seismic application.” Smart Mater. Struct. 25 (7): 075001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/7/075001.
Wang, W., C. Fang, Y.-S. Zhao, R. Sause, S.-L. Hu, and J. Ricles. 2019. “Self-centering friction spring dampers for seismic resilience.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 48 (9): 1045–1065. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3174.
Wong, Y.-L., T. Yu, and S.-L. Chan. 2007. “A simplified analytical method for unbraced composite frames with semi-rigid connections.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 63 (7): 961–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2006.08.005.
Xiao, S.-J., L.-H. Xu, and P. Feng. 2023. “Post-earthquake performance and damage evaluation of self-centering shear wall with replaceable devices.” Eng. Struct. 289 (Sep): 116248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116248.
Xiao, Y., M.-O. Eberhard, Y. Zhou, J.-F. Stanton, and J.-H. Shen. 2022. “Experimental investigation of a low-prestressed self-centering energy dissipative brace.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 51 (6): 1457–1476. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3623.
Xie, L.-L., H.-L. Sha, X. Chong, L.-B. Hou, and Y.-F. Guo. 2022. “Performance-based seismic design of RC frame structure with energy dissipative cladding panel connection system using equivalent energy design procedure.” J. Build. Eng. 59 (Jan): 105076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105076.
Xie, Q., Z. Zhou, J.-H. Huang, and S.-P. Meng. 2016. “Influence of tube length tolerance on seismic responses of multi-storey buildings with dual-tube self-centering buckling-restrained braces.” Eng. Struct. 116 (1): 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.02.023.
Xu, L.-H., X.-W. Fan, and Z.-X. Li. 2017. “Cyclic behavior and failure mechanism of self-centering energy dissipation braces with pre-pressed combination disc springs.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 46 (7): 1065–1080. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2844.
Xu, L.-H., Z.-C. Lin, and X.-S. Xie. 2022. “Assembled self-centering energy dissipation braces and a force method-based model.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 190 (Aug): 107121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.107121.
Yousef-beik, S.-M.-M., S. Veismoradi, P. Zarnani, and P. Quenneville. 2020. “A new self-centering brace with zero secondary stiffness using elastic buckling.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 169 (Dec): 106035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106035.
Zhang, A.-L., P. Qiu, Z.-Q. Jiang, R. Li, and X.-F. Zhang. 2021. “Low-cycle reciprocating loading test of earthquake-resilient prefabricated steel frame with double FCPs.” Structure 34 (Feb): 3982–3995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.09.067.
Zhang, G., L.-H. Xu, and Z.-X. Li. 2023a. “Development and experimental verification of self-centering haunched plug-in modular connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 149 (5): 04023047. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12029.
Zhang, H.-M., L.-M. Quan, and X.-L. Lu. 2022a. “Experimental hysteretic behavior and application of an assembled self-centering buckling restrained brace.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (3): 04021302. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003287.
Zhang, R.-B., C.-X. Qiu, L.-T. Huang, and J.-F. Jia. 2022b. “Approximate seismic performance of full and partial self-centering systems based on spectral analysis of SDOF systems.” Structures 37 (Apr): 1080–1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.01.075.
Zhang, R.-B., W. Wang, C.-Y. Yang, S.-L. Hu, and M. S. Alam. 2023b. “Hybrid test and numerical study of beam-through frame enhanced by friction spring-based self-centering rocking core.” Eng. Struct. 274 (Mar): 115157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115157.
Zhang, Y., and L.-H. Xu. 2022. “Cyclic response of a self-centering RC wall with tension-compression-coupled disc spring devices.” Eng. Struct. 250 (May): 113404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113404.
Zhao, J.-X., R.-B. Chen, Z. Wang, and Y. Pan. 2018. “Sliding corner gusset connections for improved buckling-restrained braced steel frame seismic performance: Subassemblage tests.” Eng. Struct. 172 (Jun): 644–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.031.
Zhong, C.-Y., and C. Christopoulos. 2022. “Self-centering seismic-resistant structures: Historical overview and state-of-the-art.” Earthquake Spectra 38 (2): 1321–1356. https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930211057581.
Zhou, Y., X.-W. Liang, Y.-Q. Lu, and R. Wang. 2023. “Hybrid force-displacement-based design methods for self-centering wall structures.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng. 173 (Sep): 108145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2023.108145.
Zhu, R.-Z., T. Guo, S. Tesfamariam, and Y.-Q. Xu. 2022. “Shake-table tests and numerical analysis of steel frames with self-centering viscous-hysteretic devices under the mainshock–aftershock sequences.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (4): 04022024. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003318.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 8 • August 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 12, 2023
Accepted: Mar 1, 2024
Published online: Jun 12, 2024
Published in print: Aug 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Nov 12, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Bracing
- Buildings
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Continuum mechanics
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Earthquakes
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Frames
- Geohazards
- Geotechnical engineering
- Low-rise buildings
- Models (by type)
- Pseudodynamic methods
- Seismic tests
- Solid mechanics
- Steel frames
- Structural dynamics
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural response
- Structural systems
- Structures (by type)
- Tests (by type)
- Two-dimensional models
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.